Tools and Crafts, the Terminology of Textile Manufacturing in 1st-Millennium BC Babylonia

What did sheep shears in the 1st millennium BC Babylonia look like? We are not sure. Many cuneiform texts were written about textile work in Babylonia, but it was largely about administration or accounting. There were hardly any descriptions of the actual tools and processes. In this article we go back over the words, the iconography, and the archaeology in an attempt to find these missing descriptions. This study is limited to Babylonia during the 1st millennium BC, and this period correspond to a state of the Akkadian language, called Neo-Babylonian. At these times, major evolution took place. Mesopotamia entered in the Iron Age at the end of the 2nd millennium BC. Empires were built (Neo-Assyrian 911-610 BC, Neo-Babylonian 610-539 BC BC, Achaemenid 539-330 and Hellenistic 330-64 BC). Most of the cuneiform documentation of that period discovered by the archaeological excavations is dated from the “long 6th century BC”.2 At these times, Babylonia enjoyed an economic growth, longdistance trade developed, and the temples has an important economic weight.3 All these factors induce changes in the textile craft that are visible through an analysis of the vocabulary. Textile tools were objects of everyday life, they were handled manually to transform the raw materials into finished woven products. They included all the implements used at different stages of fibre preparation, spinning, and weaving, as well as dyeing, washing, decorating and the repair of fabrics. An approach that combines the study of vocabulary of tools with the study of action verbs related to textile manufacturing can bring information about the techniques known in 1st millennium BC. In Babylonia, during the 1st millennium BC, the textile craft was well-developed. Textiles were widely used in transportation, in home furnishing as well as for clothing. Common domestic production and luxury production both existed with the former being much less documented than the latter. Luxury production was organized by the temples, and probably also by the palaces.4 Wool was the most commonly used raw material.5 Flax was rare but present, and cotton appeared at these times in Babylonia.6 Special products like Egyptian flax, purple wool or special dyes, especially destined for luxury production, were imported through long distance trade.7 Manufacturing techniques were complex: the luxury textiles were adorned with metal appliqué, tassels, and embroidery. 8 The vocabulary of tools and action verbs dealing with textile production gives some information about the different tasks accomplished by the textile craftsmen, and about the techniques they mastered. Important works about textile tools in Mesopotamia include the book by Catherine Breniquet Essai sur le tissage en Mesopotamie and the articles by Eva Andersson Strand, Agnete Wisti Lassen, and Caroline Sauvage.9 Using the context of these previous works supported by the Neo-Babylonian documentation, the question is how studying tool terminology and action verbs can improve our understanding of the function of the textile production in 1st-millennium BC Mesopotamia. Does textile terminology reveal evolutions at this late period of Mesopotamian history

Development of a multiaxial fabric out of untwisted flax slivers for high-performance composites

Dissertação de mestrado integrado em Engenharia TêxtilFlax fibers represent an ecological alternative for glass and carbon fiber reinforced plastics (FRP). Although flax fibers have valuable properties for applications in FRP, they are currently not fully exploited. Today, flax FRP are mostly used in components with low-mechanical loads. This research presents a solution that could enable the application of flax fiber in the FRP industry for structural components. The solution presented here is the production of a multiaxial fabric reinforcement out of untwisted flax fiber slivers. This fabric allows to maximize the potential of flax fibers, exploiting the mechanical properties of flax fibers and skipping the spinning process that is expensive and has an important ecological footprint. However, in order to process the untwisted flax slivers into a multiaxial fabric, the multiaxial warp-knitting machine has to be adapted. The aim of this work is the investigation and validation of a new weft-insertion system, adapted for the processing of untwisted flax slivers. Untwisted flax slivers are hard to handle, they tend to get loose or break during production. In this research, different guiding and spreading systems are presented and evaluated. After evaluating all the solutions on the basis of implementability, costs and installation space, a system with guiding rollers and an air spreading device method were selected for further testing. A test stand was constructed, allowing to validate the solution and to determine the influencing parameters of the guiding and spreading of the slivers. After a kinematic study of the multiaxial warp-knitting machine, the construction of the new system was initiated. But the new system could not be incorporated to the machine over the project period, as the construction took longer than planned. It was therefore not possible to produce the multiaxial flax fabric.As fibras de linho representam uma alternativa ecológica para compósitos com fibra de vidro e carbono. Embora as fibras de linho tenham propriedades valiosas para aplicações em compósitos, elas atualmente não são totalmente aproveitadas. Hoje, compósitos de linho são usados principalmente em componentes com baixa carga mecânica. Esta pesquisa apresenta uma solução que poderia permitir o emprego de fibra de linho na indústria de compósitos para componentes estruturais. A solução apresentada aqui é a produção de um reforço de tecido multiaxial a partir de fitas de linho sem torção. Este tecido permite maximizar o potencial das fibras de linho, explorando as propriedades mecânicas da fibra e evitando o processo de fiação que é caro e tem um importante ônus ecológico. No entanto, a fim de processar as fitas de linho sem torção em um tecido multiaxial, a máquina de produção destes tecidos tem de ser adaptada. O objetivo deste trabalho é a investigação e validação de um novo sistema de inserção de trama, adaptado para o processamento de fitas de linho sem torção. Fitas de linho sem torção são difíceis de manusear, elas tendem a quebrar durante a produção. Nesta pesquisa, diferentes sistemas de condução e espalhamento são apresentados e avaliados. Depois de avaliar todas as soluções com base na viabilidade, custos e espaço de instalação, um sistema de rolos de condução e um dispositivo de espalhamento de ar foram selecionados para testes adicionais. Uma bancada de testes foi construída, permitindo validar a solução e determinar os parâmetros de influência de condução e espalhamento das fitas. Depois de um estudo cinemático da máquina de tecido multiaxial, a construção do novo sistema foi iniciada. Mas o novo sistema não pôde ser incorporado à máquina durante o período do projeto, pois a construção levou mais tempo do que o planejado. Portanto, não foi possível produzir o tecido de linho multiaxial

La reprise, Kant, Marx

Le concept de reprise est à ce point décisif chez Eric Weil que sans lui il ne pourrait y avoir de logique de la philosophie. En effet, c’est grâce à la négation que la reprise entre dans le langage et la logique philosophique n’est rien d’autre qu’une analyse du langage. Cette proposition est ici explicitée sur deux exemples de grande importance : Kant et Marx. Chez l’un, la reprise permet de comprendre enfin clairement le sens du renversement eff ectué par la Critique de la faculté de juger et révèle que la Logique de la philosophie est un aboutis­sement de la révolution copernicienne initiée par Kant. Chez l’autre, ce concept donne un éclairage nouveau à la compréhension de la pensée de Marx, appréciée ici dans son rapport à la catégorie de l’Action, laquelle reprend celle de la Condition. Cet éclairage ainsi dirigé permet de re-poser la question du statut de l’œuvre intitulée Le Capital et de l’entendre comme un mode d’effectuation de la philosophie en tant que Science (Wissenschaft).O conceito de retomada é de tal forma decisivo para Eric Weil que sem ele não poderia haver lógica da filosofia. Com efeito, é graças à negação que a retomada entra na linguagem e a lógica filosófica não é nada mais que uma análise da linguagem. Esta afirmação é expli­cada neste artigo através de dois exemplos extremamente importantes: Kant e Marx. Em relação ao primeiro, a retomada permite compreender de forma clara o sentido da inversão operada pela Crítica da Faculdade de Julgar e mostra que a Lógica da Filosofia é um ponto de chegada da revolução coperniciana iniciada por Kant. No que respeita a Marx, a retomada permite uma nova compreensão do seu pensamento, considerado através da sua relação com a categoria da Ação a qual retoma a categoria da Condição. Essa nova compreensão permite assim relançar a questão do estatuto da obra O Capital e de a ler como um modo de efetuação da filosofia como Ciência (Wissenschaft)

Frontmatter for \u3ci\u3eTextile Crossroads: Exploring European Clothing, Identity, and Culture across Millennia\u3c/i\u3e

Title and copyright pages, Acknowledgments, Contents, Prefaces. We believe this volume has the potential to contribute to the advancement of European scientific excellence and competitiveness, fostering a deeper understanding of the cultural, technological, and societal significance of textiles and clothing in shaping European identity and heritage through the millenia. We hope that the anthology will find a wide and interested readership, and that it will inspire many new research projects in the field of textile history

Are Multiple Minimal Outgroup Males Readily Associated with Threat?

Humans might have a propensity to associate a collective of multiple outgroup males with threat, even in the context of minimally defined groups. We tested this hypothesis using a fear-conditioning paradigm (Study 1) and a signal detection paradigm (Study 2). Results of Study 1 suggest that stimuli showing ingroup males are more easily associated with threat than stimuli showing outgroup males. Results of Study 2 suggest a bias to perceive single males (both ingroup and outgroup) as more threatening than multiple outgroup males. We discuss the contrast with results of previous studies.</jats:p

Textile Crossroads: Exploring European Clothing, Identity, and Culture across Millennia

Research from COST Action “CA 19131 – EuroWeb” These essays on various aspects of textile research encompass a wide chronological perspective and vast geographical area, enriching traditional disciplines with innovative methodologies such as isotopic tracing of provenance, textile analysis, protein analysis, digital motion capture, and exploration of textile expressions in texts and folklore. All essays in this volume have been written by international teams of scholars from the participating countries. The anthology serves as a comprehensive and innovative resource, consolidating the research outcomes and insights gained from the interdisciplinary exploration of textiles in European history within the framework of EuroWeb. This volume has the potential to contribute to the advancement of European scientific excellence and competitiveness, fostering a deeper understanding of the cultural, technological, and societal significance of textiles and clothing in shaping European identity and heritage through the millenia. We hope that the anthology will find a wide and interested readership, and that it will inspire many new research projects in the field of textile history. Contributors: Dimitra Andrianou, Giacomo Bardelli, Magali An Berthon, Tina Boloti, Cecilie Brøns, Ana Cabrera-Lafuente, Francesca Coletti, Roxana Coman, Catarina Costeira, Cristina Cumbo, Camilla Cziffery Nielsen, Klara Dankova, Anna Maria Desiderio, Kerstin Droß-Krüpe, Arianna Esposito, Astrid Fendt, Nade Genevska Brachikj, Francisco B. Gomes, Judith Goris, Audrey Gouy, Karina Grömer, Morten Grymer-Hansen, Mary Harlow, Susanna Harris, Sophia Larissa Hayda, Angela Huang, Floor Huisman, Alina Iancu, Zofia Kaczmarek, Marisa Kerbizi, Meghan Korten, Tetiana Krupa, Karolina Anna Kulpa, Lena Larsson Lovén, Ronja Lau, Yuliia Lazorenko, Susanne Lervad, Petra Linscheid, Christina Margariti, Maria João Melo, Elena Miramontes Seijas, Leyre Morgado-Roncal, Juliane Müller, Paula Nabais, Jasemin Nazim, Marie-Louise B. Nosch, Tim Parry-Williams, Irina Petroviciu, Louise Quillien, Marie-Alice Rebours, Kalliope Sarri, Kayleigh Saunderson, Francesca Scotti, Joana Sequeira, Agata Ulanowska, Magdalena M. Wozniak, Anna Zimmermann 378 pages, color illustrations DOI: 10.32873/unl.dc.zea.1800 Individual chapters are available online at https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/texroads/https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/zeabook/1161/thumbnail.jp

Smoother than smooth: increasing the flow conveyance of an open-channel flow by using drag reduction methods

International audienceThe drag reduction method using polymer additives is a common strategy to minimize friction losses when carrying fluids (water, oil, or slurries) in pipes over long distances. Previous studies showed that the interactions between the polymer and turbulent structures of the flow tend to modify the streamwise velocity profile close to the walls by adding a so-called elastic sublayer between the classical viscous and log layers. The gain in linear head losses can reach up to 80% depending on the roughness of the walls and the concentration of polymers. The application of this technique to sewers and the subsequent gain in discharge capacity motivated this work to quantitatively measure the drag reduction in classical open-channel flows. Three measurement campaigns were performed in a dedicated long flume for several water discharges and several polymer concentrations: backwater curves over smooth and rough channel walls (including velocity and turbulent shear-stress profiles) and flows around emerging obstacles. The addition of polymers, even in limited concentrations, allowed a high friction decrease with the typical Darcy-Weisbach coefficient reduced by factors of 2 and 1.5, respectively, in smooth and rough walls configurations without obstacles, but without strong modifications of the nondimensional velocity profiles. In contrast, when adding emerging obstacles, the flow was unaffected by the inclusion of polymers, in agreement with the prediction of the literature. The drag reduction method by addition of small concentrations of polymers thus appears to be a promising technique to increase flow conveyance in open-channel flows

Philosophie et politiqueHeidegger, nazisme et la pensée française

La philosophie de Heidegger a exercé une influence considérable sur une certaine pensée française et la question de son engagement politique occupe périodiquement le devant de la scène. Tel est le double constat d’où part cette étude. Elle s’efforce de montrer que cet engagement interpelle la philosophie entière et lui révèle une dimension jusque là inconnue de son être. Elle examine le problème en articulant le nazisme et l’heideggérianisme, compris comme le double aboutissement, politique et philosophique, de la même réalité, celle de l’histoire allemande.Tout comme le nazisme est l’aboutissement de toute une évolution dont le point de départ est la Réforme, l’heideggérianisme est l’achèvement logique, porté à sa perfection, d’une dimension permanente de la mentalité allemande. Heidegger est ainsi compris comme le pendant de Hegel : chacun parachève le courant dont il est l’héritier et ils donnent ensemble le tout de la pensée.Comment penser après cette double fin ? Telle est la question posée à notre fin de siècle, à laquelle a tenté de répondre Eric Weil.Heideggers Philosophie hat einen bedeutenden Einfluss ausgeübt auf gewisse französische Denker, und das Problem seines politischen Engagements wird immer wieder aufgeworfen. Dies sind die beiden Feststellungen, von denen der vorliegende Aufsatz ausgeht. Es wird versucht zu zeigen, dass dieses Engagement die Philosophie in ihrer Gesamtheit anspricht und ihr eine bisher unbekannte Dimension ihrer selbst eröffnet. Dieses Problem wird anhand einer Doppelbetrachtung des Nationalsozialismus und der Philosophie Heideggers erörtert, die als die beiden Realitäten aufgefasst werden, die politische und die philosophische, in welche die deutsche Geschichte einmündet.Ebenso wie der Nationalsozialismus das Ergebnis einer langen Entwicklung ist, deren Anfang bei der Reformation liegt, ist Heideggers Philosophie der logische Endaspekt, dargestellt in seiner Vollkommenheit, einer permanenten Dimension der deutschen Geistesverfassung. Heidegger erscheint also als der Gegenspieler von Hegel: jeder von beiden bringt die Denkrichtung, deren Erbe er ist, auf ein Endstadium, und zusammen bildet ihr Gedankengut ein Ganzes. Wie soll aber danach das Denken weitergehen ? Dies ist die Frage, die sich unserem ausgehenden Jahrhundert stellt, und auf welche Eric Weil versucht hat, eine Antwort zu geben

Reinhard Pirngruber. “Poverty and Inequality in First Millennium BCE Babylonia: Evidence from the Texts”

Les études récentes concernant l'histoire économique de la Babylonie sous l'empire néo-babylonien et les débuts de la domination achéménide (VIe siècle av. J.-C.) ont montré que la région avait alors connu une phase de croissance économique. Dans cet article, est étudié l'impact de ce phénomène sur les niveaux de vie des catégories les plus pauvres et, plus largement, sur les inégalités sociales. Dans un premier temps, l'auteur analyse brièvement les représentations sociales attachées à la p..

Les formes et les usages du récit à l'écrit dans l’enseignement de l'histoire au collège

L'intérêt de notre étude est de mettre en lumière la valeur pédagogique du récit en histoire. Il s'agira de proposer une progression d'apprentissage de la capacité raconter mêlant plusieurs réflexions. Ainsi pourra-t-on questionner les formes et les usages du récit en classe de sixième et de quatrième. Travailler la capacité raconter dans ces deux niveaux, proposer une progressivité des apprentissages, s'interroger enfin sur la place de la fiction dans le récit des élèves