Red blood cells morphology and morphometry in adult, senior, and geriatricians dogs by optical and scanning electron microscopy

[EN] Red blood cells (RBC) morphologic evaluation through microscopy optical (OM) and SEM, provides information to forecast, evaluate, and monitor the functioning of many organs. Factors, such aging and diseases affect RBC morphology in both, human and animals. SEM is useful to evaluate RBC morphology, although its use in diagnosis and evaluation in dogs is limited, due to the availability and cost. The aim of this research was to assess the normal RBC morphology in adult, senior and geriatrician dogs, clinically healthy by OM and SEM. In addition to evaluating the age effect, sex, body size, and their interaction on erythrocyte morphometry. To carry out the research 152 blood samples were evaluated from dogs of different sexes and body sizes (small, medium, and large). Three groups were made based on dogs age: group I adults (1–7.9 years old), group II senior (8–11.9 years old), and group III geriatricians (>12 years old). Erythrocyte parameters were evaluated by OM (diameter, height, and axial ratio). Per each dog, the parameters of 20 erythrocytes were measured. A total of 2,600 cells were scanned with the AmScope™ Software scale. In addition, the RBC morphology was evaluated by SEM. Statistical analyses used analysis of variance and a general linear model, which allows the comparison of multiple factors at two or more levels (p 0.05). Additionally, some images of anisocytosis, polychromasia, and poikilocytosis (echinocytes, acanthocytes, codocytes, spherocytes, stomatocytes, dacryocytes quatrefoil, and elliptocytes) were obtained by OM and SEM. Our study provides information about the morphological and morphometry alterations of adult, senior, and geriatrician dogs RBC. This work contributes to future investigations and the diagnosing diseases, where it is necessary to evaluate the morphology of RBCSIThe Autonomous University of Aguascalientes approved and granted funding for TQ-T (Project PIP/SA15–3) for AG-B (PIB19-3, and Especial Resource UAA Research), which was used in the acquisition of materials and reagents necessary to obtain and process blood samples during the development of this stud

Avaliação bromatológica do bagaço de cerveja como potencial uso na alimentação de vacas leiteiras

This study analyzed brewery bagasse from the Modelo brewery plant in Calera, Zacatecas, which is used as an alternative ingredient in dairy cattle diets. The entire sample of brewery bagasse was dehydrated and subsequently ground. Proximate chemical analysis was carried out using the Van Soest method, and the results for protein and ether extract of the brewery bagasse were higher than those reported in the literature (29.14% and 9.64%), demonstrating that it is a highly viable ingredient. In situ and in vitro digestibility were carried out to identify the ingredient's behavior within animals. The digestibility of brewery bagasse (25% at 24 hours) was lower than the controls used, but it was still effective (99.9% at 144 hours). This confirms that brewery bagasse is an ingredient with high nutritional value that can improve production and increase the profitability of small producers' stables in the country.En este estudio se realizó el análisis de bagazo de cervecería de la Planta cervecera de Modelo en Calera, Zacatecas el cuál se utiliza como ingrediente alternativo en las dietas de ganado lechero Se utilizó la muestra integra de bagazo de cervecería, la cual fue sometida a una deshidratación y posteriormente fue molido. Se realizó un análisis químico-proximal mediante el método de Van Soest, los resultados de la proteína y extracto etéreo del bagazo de cervecería fueron superiores a los comparados por la literatura citada (29.14% y 9.64%)), demostrando que es un ingrediente sumamente viable. Se realizó digestibilidad in situ e in vitro, para identificar el comportamiento del ingrediente dentro de los animales . La digestibilidad del bagazo de cervecería (25% a las 24 horas) fue menor a los controles utilizados, sin embargo fue efectiva (99.9% a las 144 horas). De esta manera se comprueba que el bagazo de cervecería es un ingrediente con altos valores nutricionales que permite mejorar la producción e incrementar la rentabilidad de los establos de los pequeños productores en el país.Neste estudo, foi realizada a análise do bagaço cervejeiro da fábrica da cervejaria Modelo em Calera, Zacatecas, que é utilizado como ingrediente alternativo na dieta do gado leiteiro. posteriormente moído. Foi realizada análise químico-proximal pelo método de Van Soest, os resultados do extrato proteico e etéreo do bagaço de cervejaria foram superiores aos comparados pela literatura citada (29,14% e 9,64%)), demonstrando que é um produto altamente viável. A digestibilidade in situ e in vitro foi realizada para identificar o comportamento do ingrediente dentro dos animais. A digestibilidade do bagaço cervejeiro (25% às 24 horas) foi inferior às testemunhas utilizadas, porém foi eficaz (99,9% às 144 horas). Desta forma verifica-se que o bagaço cervejeiro é um ingrediente com elevados valores nutricionais que permite melhorar a produção e aumentar a rentabilidade dos estábulos dos pequenos produtores do país

Contaminación de alimento comercial seco para perro por Aspergillus flavus y aflatoxinas en Aguascalientes, México

Commercial dry food (CDF) for dogs is a whole grain ration thoroughly mixed and die-cut with heat and pressure to give it the shape of kibble. CDF is formulated with several agro-industrial ingredients and by-products of agricultural and livestock origin. Contamination by Aspergillus flavus and aflatoxins (AFs) in foods has been shown to be a global problem that causes harm to human and animal health. The objective was to evaluate the presence of fungal microbiota and contamination by AFs in CDF. A random sample (n= 77) of marketed CDF was selected in Aguascalientes, Mexico. The samples were processed and cultured by serial dilutions, obtaining monosporic isolates, which were characterized morphologically, toxigenically (HPLC), and molecularly (PCR). The concentration of AFs in CDF was quantified by HPLC. Fungal growth was observed in 53.2 % of CDF, and 7.8 % exceeded the maximum permissible limit (MPL=106 CFU/g). The genera Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, Mucor, Alternaria, and Fusarium were found (69.4, 12.9, 9.4, 4.7, 1.7, and 1.1 %, respectively). All CDF samples showed contamination by AFs (14.8 ± 0.3 μg/kg), and 11.8 % exceeded the MPL (20.0 μg/kg) suggested by the regulations; contamination was significantly associated (P<0.05) with some ingredients used, CDF moisture, and inclusion of fungicides and sequestrants. The results obtained suggest that the CDF manufacturing process does not wholly eliminate contamination by fungi or by the AFs present in the ingredients used for its formulation; consequently, these remain in the finished product, putting at risk the health of dogs and the efficacy of the food chain.El alimento comercial seco (ACS) para perro es una ración integral completamente mezclada y troquelada con calor y presión para darle forma de croqueta. El ACS está formulado con diversos ingredientes y subproductos agroindustriales de origen agrícola y pecuario. La contaminación por Aspergillus flavus y por aflatoxinas (AFs) en los alimentos se ha demostrado que es un problema global que causa daños a la salud humana y animal. El objetivo fue evaluar la presencia de microbiota fúngica y contaminación por AFs en el ACS. Una muestra aleatoria (n=77) de ACS comercializado se seleccionó en Aguascalientes, México. Las muestras fueron procesadas y cultivadas por diluciones seriadas, obteniendo aislados monospóricos, los cuales se caracterizaron morfológica, toxigénica (HPLC) y molecularmente (PCR).  La concentración de AFs en ACS se cuantificó por HPLC. En el 53.2 % de ACS se observó crecimiento fúngico y 7.8 % superaron el límite máximo permisible (LMP=106 UFC/g). Se encontraron los géneros Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, Mucor, Alternaria y Fusarium (69.4, 12.9, 9.4, 4.7, 1.7 y 1.1%, respectivamente). Todas las muestras de ACS mostraron contaminación por AFs (14.8 ± 0.3 µg/kg) y el 11.8 % excedió el LMP (20.0 µg/kg) sugerido por la normatividad; la contaminación se asoció significativamente (P<0.05) con algunos ingredientes empleados, humedad del ACS e inclusión de fungicidas y secuestrantes. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren que el proceso de elaboración del ACS no elimina completamente la contaminación por hongos ni por las AFs presentes en los ingredientes empleados para su formulación; en consecuencia, éstos permanecen en el producto terminado poniendo en riesgo la salud de los perros y eficacia de la cadena alimenticia

Detección de anticuerpos de Neospora spp. en caballos, asociados a diferentes factores de riesgo en México

Neospora spp. is a protozoan parasite that causes abortions and diseases in the Central Nervous System (CNS) of several domestic and wild animal species. In horses, this parasite causes abortions, neonatal mortality, and CNS diseases. The Neospora species identified in horses is different from Neospora caninum and is called Neospora hughesi. This study aimed to detect the presence of anti-Neospora spp. antibodies associated with different risk factors in horses from Mexico. Risk factors were identified by surveying each stable and individual animal from four different regions (Center, North, West, and South). A total of 684 serum samples were obtained from horses in the different regions, 52.3 % (358) males and 47.7 % (326) females. Samples were subjected to an indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) assay; results were analyzed to estimate the association between seropositivity and risk factors. The seroprevalence of Neospora spp. was 2.34 %. The positive cases were mainly found in three of the four regions included in this study and were significantly associated with anti-Neospora spp. antibodies. The coexistence of the horses with other animals obtained an OR value of 2.34 (95% CI : 0.28 - 19.0; P<0.04). This study concludes that Neospora spp. is present in horses from Mexico.Neospora spp. es un parásito protozoario causante de abortos y enfermedad del Sistema Nervioso Central (SNC) en diversas especies domésticas y silvestres. En equinos, se le ha involucrado como causa de aborto, mortalidad neonatal y enfermedades del SNC. La especie identificada en equinos es distinta a Neospora caninum y se denomina Neospora hughesi. El objetivo del presente, fue detectar la presencia de anticuerpos anti-Neospora spp., asociados a factores de riesgo en caballos de México. Se realizó una encuesta de cada cuadra y animales individuales de cuatro regiones  del país  (Centro, Norte,  Occidente y  Sur)  para identificación  de los factores de riesgo. Se obtuvo un total de 684 muestras de sueros de caballos de las diferentes regiones, 52.3 % (358) machos y 47.7 % (326) hembras. Los sueros fueron conservados a -20 °C. El diagnóstico se realizó mediante la técnica de inmunofluorescencia indirecta (IFI), los resultados de este fueron analizados para estimar la asociación entre la seropositividad y los factores de riesgo. La seroprevalencia a Neospora spp. fue de 2.34 % en la población estudiada; los casos positivos se encontraron principalmente en tres de las cuatro regiones incluidas, que presentaron una relación significativa a la presencia de anticuerpos anti-Neospora spp.; la convivencia de los caballos con otros animales obtuvo un valor de OR de 2.34 (IC 95%: 0.28 - 19.0; P<0.04). Se concluye que, Neospora spp., está presente en los caballos de México