Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

Análisis del dibujo infantil en la etapa de Educación Primaria de 7 a 9 años

Treball final de Grau en Mestre o Mestra d'Educació Primaria . Codi: MP1040. Curs acadèmic 2014-2015El presente Trabajo Fin de Grado (TFG) es un estudio teórico - práctico por el cual se pretende comprobar cómo el dibujo infantil puede otorgar respuestas a problemas o déficits que el alumnado presenta, a partir de su análisis. Por otro lado, trata de demostrar que la asignatura o área de Educación Plástica no tiene un carácter meramente creativo (no son simples manualidades), sino que permite indagar otros aspectos del desarrollo evolutivo del niño. Para ello se estudiarán las diferentes etapas evolutivas del dibujo infantil, así como sus características principales. Por otro lado, el dibujo está presente en la vida del niño como medio de entretenimiento, por lo que realizar un análisis evolutivo a partir de éste, hará que el infante se sienta más seguro, y por lo tanto, exteriorice sus sentimientos, emociones y pensamientos. Además, numerosos estudios demuestran los beneficios que las artes plásticas poseen respecto al desarrollo psicológico infantil. Cabe destacar la importancia de incidir en el área de Educación Plástica dentro del currículum educativo de Educación Primaria, ya que progresivamente se ve reducido y subestimado ante otras áreas, nombradas instrumentales, debido a que aparentemente tienen poca utilidad respecto al desarrollo laboral y profesional de la vida adulta.This Final Year Project (TFG) is both a practical and theoretical study. It aims to determine if children’s artwork can be used to help bring to light problems or issues that they are currently undergoing. The project hopes to prove that the Art Education is not purely a creative subject (i.e., it does not involve merely good practical skills) but it also allows us to look into other aspects of a child’s psychological and behavioural development. In order to achieve this aim, we will study the various developmental stages of children’s drawings, as well as their main characteristics at each stage. On the other hand, drawing is an integral part of children’s play. Because of this, carrying out an analysis of the child’s evolution through his or her art output will make the child feel more self-confident. Art in all its forms helps develop self expression in children, and can facilitate more ready exteriorization of feelings, emotions and thoughts. In addition, numerous studies show the beneficial roles of Art Education in the psychological development of children. 2 It goes without saying that Art should be considered an integral component within the Primary Education curriculum; it is unfortunately being progressively undermined in favour of other areas, referred to as instrumental, as being of apparent little use in the labour and professional development of adults