Comparative Studies on Microbial Community Structure and Production Performance of Jiang-Flavor Daqu in Different Areas of Maotai Town

The microbial community structure and diversity of Jiang-flavor Daqu (TS, WS, WM, MH and DJ) from different areas of Maotai town were analyzed by using the third-generation nanopore sequencing platform, and its physicochemical indexes and characteristic flavor substances were measured. The results showed that there were some similarities and differences between Daqu in different areas of Maotai town. In terms of microbial community structure, Bacillus, Saccharopolyspora, Weissella, Staphylococcus and Streptomyces were the common dominant bacterial genera in the five Daqu samples. Among them, Bacillus was the absolute dominant bacteria in MH and DJ. Aspergillus and Penicillium were the common dominant fungal genera, and the proportions of Lichtheimia and Saccharomycopsis in TS, WM and MH were significantly higher than those in DJ and WS. Compared with TS and WM, network correlation analysis showed that MH, DJ and WS had stronger interactions among dominant bacteria. In addition, redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that Weissella was positively correlated with esterification power, liquefaction power, saccharification power, acetic acid, ethyl acetate, ethyl lactate and n-pentanol. Lichtheimia was positively correlated with liquefaction power, saccharification power, acetic acid, isovaleric acid, 2,3-butanediol, phenylacetaldehyde and dibutyl phthalate. Saccharomycopsis was positively correlated with esterification power and ethyl acetate. Bacillus was positively correlated with 2,3,5,6-tetramethylpyrazine, propionic acid, isovaleric acid, dibutyl phthalate, 2,3-butanediol and phenacetaldehyde

10H‐3,6‐Diazaphenothiazines triggered the mitochondrial‐dependent and cell death receptor‐dependent apoptosis pathways and further increased the chemosensitivity of MCF‐7 breast cancer cells via inhibition of AKT1 pathways

Breast cancer is one of the leading causes of death in cancer categories, followed by lung, colorectal, and ovarian among the female gender across the world. 10H-3,6-diazaphenothiazine (PTZ) is a thiazine derivative compound that exhibits many pharmacological activities. Herein, we proceed to investigate the pharmacological activities of PTZ toward breast cancer MCF-7 cells as a representative in vitro breast cancer cell model. The PTZ exhibited a proliferation inhibition (IC50 = 0.895 µM) toward MCF-7 cells. Further, cell cycle analysis illustrated that the S-phase checkpoint was activated to achieve proliferation inhibition. In vitro cytotoxicity test on three normal cell lines (HEK293 normal kidney cells, MCF-10A normal breast cells, and H9C2 normal heart cells) demonstrated that PTZ was more potent toward cancer cells. Increase in the levels of reactive oxygen species results in polarization of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), together with suppression of mitochondrial thioredoxin reductase enzymatic activity suggested that PTZ induced oxidative damages toward mitochondria and contributed to improved drug efficacy toward treatment. The RT2 PCR Profiler Array (human apoptosis pathways) proved that PTZ induced cell death via mitochondria-dependent and cell death receptor-dependent pathways, through a series of modulation of caspases, and the respective morphology of apoptosis was observed. Mechanistic studies of apoptosis suggested that PTZ inhibited AKT1 pathways resulting in enhanced drug efficacy despite it preventing invasion of cancer cells. These results showed the effectiveness of PTZ in initiation of apoptosis, programmed cell death, toward highly chemoresistant MCF-7 cells, thus suggesting its potential as a chemotherapeutic drug

SARS-CoV-2 Nucleocapsid Protein Has DNA-Melting and Strand-Annealing Activities With Different Properties From SARS-CoV-2 Nsp13

Since December 2019, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has spread throughout the world and has had a devastating impact on health and economy. The biochemical characterization of SARS-CoV-2 proteins is important for drug design and development. In this study, we discovered that the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein can melt double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) in the 5′-3′ direction, similar to SARS-CoV-2 nonstructural protein 13. However, the unwinding activity of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein was found to be more than 22 times weaker than that of SARS-CoV-2 nonstructural protein 13, and the melting process was independent of nucleoside triphosphates and Mg2+. Interestingly, at low concentrations, the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein exhibited a stronger annealing activity than SARS-CoV-2 nonstructural protein 13; however, at high concentrations, it promoted the melting of dsDNA. These findings have deepened our understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein and will help provide novel insights into antiviral drug development

Stability of SARS-CoV-2 in cold-chain transportation environments and the efficacy of disinfection measures

BackgroundLow temperature is conducive to the survival of COVID-19. Some studies suggest that cold-chain environment may prolong the survival of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and increase the risk of transmission. However, the effect of cold-chain environmental factors and packaging materials on SARS-CoV-2 stability remains unclear.MethodsThis study aimed to reveal cold-chain environmental factors that preserve the stability of SARS-CoV-2 and further explore effective disinfection measures for SARS-CoV-2 in the cold-chain environment. The decay rate of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus in the cold-chain environment, on various types of packaging material surfaces, i.e., polyethylene plastic, stainless steel, Teflon and cardboard, and in frozen seawater was investigated. The influence of visible light (wavelength 450 nm-780 nm) and airflow on the stability of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus at -18°C was subsequently assessed.ResultsExperimental data show that SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus decayed more rapidly on porous cardboard surfaces than on nonporous surfaces, including polyethylene (PE) plastic, stainless steel, and Teflon. Compared with that at 25°C, the decay rate of SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus was significantly lower at low temperatures. Seawater preserved viral stability both at -18°C and with repeated freeze−thaw cycles compared with that in deionized water. Visible light from light-emitting diode (LED) illumination and airflow at -18°C reduced SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus stability.ConclusionOur studies indicate that temperature and seawater in the cold chain are risk factors for SARS-CoV-2 transmission, and LED visible light irradiation and increased airflow may be used as disinfection measures for SARS-CoV-2 in the cold-chain environment

Current nursing interventions for adults with repetitive ankle sprains

Ankle sprain is a common ankle soft tissue injury, and repeated ankle sprains can cause chronic pain and become a CAI patient, and even potential complications such as traumatic osteoarthritis may occur, which affects the quality of life of the patient and aggravates the follow-up care of the patient cost. After con-servative treatment fails, surgical treatment is needed. Improving current nursing interventions for patients with recurrent ankle sprains can help prevent patients from getting worse. Therefore, the main research goal of this study is to find current effective nursing interventions for adults with repeated ankle sprains. Literature are searched based on different keywords from the literature library ScienceDirect, Janet, CI-NAHL (Ebsco), PubMed through the method of literature review, and then the literature is screened by cri-teria such as repetition rate and relevance. A total of 125 documents were identified, and 42 of them were selected as the result analysis based on the year limit and the degree of relevance. After preliminary analy-sis and sorting, it can be found that the nursing intervention measures for repeated ankle sprains can be divided into prevention, conservative intervention, surgical nursing intervention and pain management. Ac-cording to the detailed analysis of different steps, the conclusions can be gained: 1), Due to the repeated ankle sprains can lead to traumatic osteoarthritis, balance training and additional support as well protec-tion during exercise can effectively prevent sprains again. 2), conservative intervention to apply ice on the ankle for 20 minutes is proved to be the best time. 3), If conservative treatment fails for 3 to 6 months, sur-gical treatment is required. And surgical intervention should pay attention to the potential complications of the ankle joint. 4) Nurses need to use related analgesics to provide patients with good pain management. 5), Nurses need to follow up the basic condition of the patient in follow-up care, and understand the health education of the patient and his famil

TABLE A1

TABLE A1 | Protein sequences relevant to tetramethylpyrazine metabolism in Laceyella sacchari FBKL4.010

Figure A2

FIGURE A2 The reconstructed result of the ammonium metabolic pathway in the strain FBKL4.010 based on the KEGG PATHWAY database. Red marked genes represent genes related with tetramethylpyrazine synthesis on FBKL4.010 genome. The locus tags of marked genes and the ANI value with the most similar genes were shown next to the marked genes

Data from: The complete genome sequence of the thermophilic bacterium Laceyella sacchari FBKL4.010 reveals the basis for tetramethylpyrazine biosynthesis in Moutai‐flavor Daqu

The genus Laceyella consists of a thermophilic filamentous bacteria. The pure isolate of Laceyella sacchari FBKL4.010 was isolated from Moutai‐flavor Daqu, Guizhou Province, China. In this study, the whole genome was sequenced and analyzed. The complete genome consists of one 3,374,379‐bp circular chromosome with 3,145 coding sequences (CDSs), seven clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) regions of 12 CRISPRs. Moreover, we identified that the genome contains genes encoding key enzymes such as proteases, peptidases, and acetolactate synthase (ALS) of the tetramethylpyrazine metabolic pathway. Metabolic pathways relevant to tetramethylpyrazine synthesis were also reconstructed based on the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) PATHWAY database. Annotation and syntenic analyses using antiSMASH 4.0 also revealed the presence of two gene clusters in this strain that differ from known tetramethylpyrazine synthesis clusters, with one encoding amino acid dehydrogenase (ADH) and the other encoding transaminase in tetramethylpyrazine metabolism. The results of this study provide flavor and genomic references for further research on the flavor‐producing functions of strain FBKL4.010 in the Moutai liquor‐making process

Figure A3

FIGURE A3 The reconstructed result of the ammonium metabolic pathway in the strain FBKL4.010 based on the KEGG PATHWAY database. Red marked genes represent genes related with tetramethylpyrazine synthesis on FBKL4.010 genome. The locus tags of marked genes and the ANI value with the most similar genes were shown next to the marked genes