Magnetic field and torque output of packaged hydraulic torque motor

Hydraulic torque motors are one key component in electro-hydraulic servo valves that convert the electrical signal into mechanical motions. The systematic characteristics analysis of the hydraulic torque motor has not been found in the previous research, including the distribution of the electromagnetic field and torque output, and particularly the relationship between them. In addition, conventional studies of hydraulic torque motors generally assume an evenly distributed magnetic flux field and ignore the influence of special mechanical geometry in the air gaps, which may compromise the accuracy of analyzing the result and the high-precision motion control performance. Therefore, the objective of this study is to conduct a detailed analysis of the distribution of the magnetic field and torque output; the influence of limiting holes in the air gaps is considered to improve the accuracy of both numerical computation and analytical modeling. The structure and working principle of the torque motor are presented first. The magnetic field distribution in the air gaps and the magnetic saturation in the iron blocks are analyzed by using a numerical approach. Subsequently, the torque generation with respect to the current input and assembly errors is analyzed in detail. This shows that the influence of limiting holes on the magnetic field is consistent with that on torque generation. Following this, a novel modified equivalent magnetic circuit is proposed to formulate the torque output of the hydraulic torque motor analytically. The comparison among the modified equivalent magnetic circuit, the conventional modeling approach and the numerical computation is conducted, and it is found that the proposed method helps to improve the modeling accuracy by taking into account the effect of special geometry inside the air gaps

Uber die Antigensysteme der Blutkorperchen. III. Mitteilung : Uber die an Hand der Immunisierung von Hausenten und Huhnern zu beobachtende Gemeinschaftlichkeit der Rezeptoren des Saugetierblutes

In der vorangehenden Mitteilung wurde das Studium uber das Verhalten der Antistoffe, die bei der Immunisierung von Hausenten mit Menschenblut aller Gruppen, verschiedenen Tierblutkorperchen sowie Organen einiger Tierarten erzeugt werden und zum menschlichen Blut in einer Beziehung stehen, berichtet. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wird nun das Ergebnis der Untersuchungen mitgeteilt, die angestellt wurden, um zu sehen, wie sich die Immunkorper verhalten, die durch Vorbehandlung auch von Hausenten mit dem Blut und Organen der Saugetiere entstehen und dem Saugetierblut eigen sind, ohne mit dem Menschenblut in einem Zusammenhang zu stehen. Im Serum solcher Immunhausenten konnten, wie Asakawa und Mizutani bei ihren gleichartigen Versuchen mit Huhnern konstatiert hatten, Antikorper nachgewiesen werden, die mit verschiedenen Saugetierblutkorperchen zu reagieren vermogen, aber nicht mit dem Menschenblut. Die Antiseren wurden nun mit den verschiedenen Saugetierblutkorperchen behandelt und die Absorptionsfahigkeit solcher Saugetierblutarten den im Antiserum enthaltenen polyvalenten Antikorpern gegenuber wurde verglichen. Solche Untersuchungen wurden in dieser Arbeit im ganzen an etwa 13 Antiserumarten vorgenommen; namlich, an Immunseren gegen Kaninchen-, Ratten-, Rinder-, Schweine-, Hunde (I und II)-, Katzen-, Meerschweinchen-, Ziegen-, Hammel- und Pferdeblut sowie an Immunseren gegen Nieren von Pferd und Meerschweinchen. Die auf diese Weise ausgefuhrten Rezeptorenanalyse ergab, dass die dem Saugetierblut gemeinschaftlichen Antigene (und dementsprechend auch die dazu gehorigen Antikorper) im grossen und ganzen in zwei Systeme eingeteilt werden konnen und zwar wie folgt: 1. Das eine Antigen ist in den verschiedenen Blutkorperchen in der folgenden Reihenfolge enthalten: Kaninchen-Ratte-Rind-Schwein-Hund-Meerschweinchen-Katze-Ziege-Hammel-Pferd. 2. Das andere kommt dagegen in den verschiedenen Blutkorperchen in der folgenden Reihenfolge vor: Katze-Ziege-Hammel-Pferd...Hund (II)-Rind-Schwein-Kaninchen (Ratten- und Meerschweinchen

Additional file 1 of Retrospective analysis of GnRH-a prolonged protocol for in vitro fertilization in 18,272 cycles in China

Additional file 1: Supplementary Figure 1. LBRs in relation to the number of oocytes retrieved. A: 38 years-old. Supplementary Figure 2. Rates of OHSS and cycle cancellation in relation to the number ofoocytes retrieved. A: 38 years-old

Investigation into climate change effects on carbon and water fluxes, and water use efficiency of the temperate grassland ecosystems in Inner Mongolia of China

The daily gross primary productivity (GPP) and evapotranspiration (ET) in the Xilingol grassland ecosystem of Inner Mongolia were simulated using the BioGeochemical Cycles (Biome-BGC) model for 2003–2019 and under future climate-change scenarios. The system was optimized using the System Response Parameter Calibration Method (SRPCM). The temporal variations of GPP, ET and water use efficiency (WUE) were investigated, and the impacts of precipitation and temperature were explored. Results showed that (i) the BIOME-BGC model performed better when optimized using the SRPCM than by applying the Model-Independent Parameter Estimation approach (PEST); (ii) GPP and ET at annual and seasonal scales showed an insignificant increasing trend; (iii) WUE at the annual scale and in growing seasons showed an insignificant increasing trend and a slight decreasing trend in non-growing seasons; (iv) annual GPP and ET were more sensitive to changes in precipitation than changes in temperature with WUE keeping relatively stable with years; (v) precipitation is a critically controlling factor for GPP and ET in growing seasons and for ET and WUE in non-growing seasons; and (vi) combined temperature and precipitation changes had greater impacts on GPP/ET/WUE than individual changes. HIGHLIGHTS The SRPCM was proposed for parameter optimization of the BIOME-BGC model.; The variations of GPP, ET and WUE in 2003–2019 were explored on multiple time-scales.; GPP, ET and WUE in growing seasons played a decisive role in annual GPP and ET.; Daily WUE within 0–2 g/kg dominated in both non-/growing seasons during 2003–2019.; The combined rise of temperature and precipitation has greater impacts on GPP/ET/WUE than only temperature or precipitation rise.

Comparison and evaluation of evapotranspiration estimations by different approaches in the Yellow River Basin

Accurately quantifying large-scale evapotranspiration (ET) is of significant scientific importance. In this study, the Shuttleworth–Wallace (SW) model incorporates gross primary productivity (GPP) values from the near-infrared reflectance of vegetation (NIRv) GPP product (NIRvGPP). Monthly ET estimations for the Yellow River Basin (YRB) were obtained using the SW models with GPP derived from the GLASS GPP product (GLASSGPP) and NIRvGPP, as well as GLASS ET and CR ET products (SW_GLASSGPP ET, SW_NIRvGPP ET, GLASS ET, and CR ET). The study analyzes the annual spatio-temporal patterns of these products, evaluates their accuracy and uncertainty, and examines the applicability of a fused ET estimation. The results revealed: (1) differences exist in ET estimations among GLASS ET, CR ET, SW_GLASSGPP ET, and SW_NIRvGPP ET; (2) monthly GLASS ET, CR ET, SW_GLASSGPP ET, and SW_NIRvGPP ET align well with the monthly ETWB, with SW_GLASSGPP ET and SW_NIRvGPP ET outperforming GLASS ET and CR ET; (3) average uncertainties of GLASS ET, CR ET, SW_GLASSGPP ET, and SW_NIRvGPP ET display different spatial variation patterns; and (4) compared to GLASS ET, CR ET, SW_GLASSGPP ET, and SW_NIRvGPP ET, the fused ET estimation achieves the best performance within the YRB. HIGHLIGHTS The SW model was improved by incorporating NIRv GPP values.; The four different ET estimations were fused by the BTCH method.; Different ET estimations were evaluated by water balance and TCH methods.; The ET estimations by the improved SW model outperformed those by GLASS ET and CR ET.; The fused ET performed best in terms of accuracy and uncertainty.

Highly efficient removal of perfluorooctanoic acid from aqueous solution by H2O2-enhanced electrocoagulation-electroflotation technique

Electrocoagulation (EC) technique was used to investigate the removal performance of aqueous perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) with relatively high concentration as simulating the wastewater from organic fluorine industry. A comparison was done with the similar amount of coagulant between EC and chemical coagulation process. PFOA removal obtained was higher with EC process, especially for Fe anode. Several factors were studied to optimize the EC process. At the optimal operating parameters including 37.5 mA/cm2 of current density, initial pH 3.77, and 180 rpm of mixing speed, 93% of PFOA could be removed with 100 mg/L of initial concentration after 90-min electrolysis. Furthermore, the remove efficiency could be obviously improved by H2O2 intermittent addition, which removed more than 99% of PFOA within 40-min EC. It could be attributed to that H2O2 facilitated the oxidative transformation from ferrous to ferric ion. In addition, the adsorptive removal of aqueous PFOA on Fe flocs during EC was also verified by fourier transform infrared spectra

Effect of Medium Pressure Ultraviolet/Chlorine Advanced Oxidation on the Production of Disinfection by-Products from Seven Model Benzene Precursors

UV/chlorine advanced oxidation process (AOP), as a potential alternative to UV/H2O2 in water treatment, may pose a potential risk of increased disinfection by-product (DBP) formation and is of great concern. In this paper, seven benzene derivatives, containing two chlorine-inert and five chlorine-active compounds, were selected as typical model DBP precursors, and the effects of medium pressure UV/chlorine (MPUV/chlorine) on their chlorine demand and DBP formation potential (DBPFP) were evaluated. The results showed that MPUV/chlorine could significantly increase the chlorine demand and DBPFP of the two inert precursors. For the four slow but active DBP precursors, MPUV/chlorine may accelerate their short-term DBP formation, whereas it showed an insignificant effect or even reduced their chlorine demand and DBPFP. For the only fast and active DBP precursor, MPUV/chlorine showed an insignificant effect on its short-term DBP formation or DBPFP. The overall effect of MPUV/chlorine was more significant at pH 6 than at pH 8. In the presence of Br−, MPUV/chlorine significantly increased the bromine substitution factors of THMs. In addition, linear fitting results indicated that the UV/chlorine-induced change in overall chlorine demand may be considered as a potential indicator for the prediction of DBPFP alteration

Effect of Medium Pressure Ultraviolet/Chlorine Advanced Oxidation on the Production of Disinfection by-Products from Seven Model Benzene Precursors

UV/chlorine advanced oxidation process (AOP), as a potential alternative to UV/H2O2 in water treatment, may pose a potential risk of increased disinfection by-product (DBP) formation and is of great concern. In this paper, seven benzene derivatives, containing two chlorine-inert and five chlorine-active compounds, were selected as typical model DBP precursors, and the effects of medium pressure UV/chlorine (MPUV/chlorine) on their chlorine demand and DBP formation potential (DBPFP) were evaluated. The results showed that MPUV/chlorine could significantly increase the chlorine demand and DBPFP of the two inert precursors. For the four slow but active DBP precursors, MPUV/chlorine may accelerate their short-term DBP formation, whereas it showed an insignificant effect or even reduced their chlorine demand and DBPFP. For the only fast and active DBP precursor, MPUV/chlorine showed an insignificant effect on its short-term DBP formation or DBPFP. The overall effect of MPUV/chlorine was more significant at pH 6 than at pH 8. In the presence of Br−, MPUV/chlorine significantly increased the bromine substitution factors of THMs. In addition, linear fitting results indicated that the UV/chlorine-induced change in overall chlorine demand may be considered as a potential indicator for the prediction of DBPFP alteration

Declarations and conflicts of interest in WHO guidelines

We aimed to examine the declaration of interests (DOI), management of conflict of interest (COI), and the funders for World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines