2 research outputs found

    Separation of Contaminants from Deinking Process Water by Dissolved Air Flotation: Effect of Flocculant Charge Density

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    The effect of charge density of 5 cationic polyacrylamides (C-PAMs)and 3 anionic polyacrylamides (A-PAMs) in single and in dual treatments with a coagulant on the flocculation and removal of dissolved and colloidal material by dissolved air flotation (DAF) in papermaking has been studied. In single systems, good results were achieved both with low and high charge C-PAMs(1.0and 3.0–3.5 meq/g). In dual sy tems, high charge C-PAMs (3.0–3.5 meq/g)and A-PAMs (1.5 meq/g), were the most efficient. Results show that monitoring flocculation by a focused beam reflectance measurement (FBRM) allows paermakers to optimize the chemical dosages to maximize the separation efficiency of DAF units either with single or dual systems, which is not always possible with traditional methods as charge titration

    The forgotten D: challenges of addressing forest degradation in complex mosaic landscapes under REDD+

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    International climate negotiations have stressed the importance of considering emissions from forest degradation under the planned REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation + enhancing forest carbon stocks) mechanism. However, most research, pilot-REDD+ projects and carbon certification agencies have focused on deforestation and there appears to be a gap in knowledge on complex mosaic landscapes containing degraded forests, smallholder agriculture, agroforestry and plantations. In this paper we therefore review current research on how avoided forest degradation '… may affect emissions of greenhouse gases …' (GHG) and expected co-benefits in terms of biodiversity and livelihoods. There are still high uncertainties in measuring and monitoring emissions of carbon and other GHG from mosaic landscapes with forest degradation since most research has focused on binary analyses of forest vs. deforested land. Studies on the impacts of forest degradation on biodiversity contain mixed results and there is little empirical evidence on the influence of REDD+ on local livelihoods and tenure security, partly due to the lack of actual payment schemes. Governance structures are also more complex in landscapes with degraded forests as there are often multiple owners and types of rights to land and trees. Recent technological advances in remote sensing have improved estimation of carbon stock changes but establishment of historic reference levels is still challenged by the availability of sensor systems and ground measurements during the reference period. The inclusion of forest degradation in REDD+ calls for a range of new research efforts to enhance our knowledge of how to assess the impacts of avoided forest degradation. A first step will be to ensure that complex mosaic landscapes can be recognised under REDD+ on their own merits. (Résumé d'auteur
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