CRITERIA FOR SELECTING AEROSOL PACKAGING AND DETERMINING THE OPTIMUM QUANTITY OF A PROPELLANT

Development of a new generation of functional antiage cosmetics is a most important area of cosmetic industry development. An integral part of such products are biologically active substances (BAS) with essential oils, being among the sources of which. Each essential oil is characterized by a well balanced unique composition of biologically active substances. Development of new cosmetic products consists of correct selection of the required composition of components with required properties and selection of a suitable package, preserving product properties throughout its shelf life. During production of cosmetic products in aerosol package a number of issues are solved, unlike with antiage-products in form of creams in customary tubes. The degree of oxidation-reduction reactions, having negative impact on the properties of essential oils, is substantially reduced. The concentration providing for the optimum degree of evacuation and excess pressure in the packaging are essential issues. The aim of this research is to determine the degree of evacuation of the contents, excess pressure, and mass fraction of a propellant in the product test samples to find the samples of aerosol package with optimum parameters. A number of tests to determine the degree of evacuation of the contents from aerosol package, excess pressure and a mass fraction of a propellant have been performed. The greatest degree of evacuation of products was observed with mass fraction of propellant of 13.79%. Based on the results of the tests for excess pressure in aerosol packaging, it has been found, that with mass fraction of a propellant of 13.79% excess pressure is 0.4 MPa, which was taken as an optimum value. The test showed that the mass of a propellant of 16 g evacuates the product from aerosol package to the maximum extent and does not exceed the acceptable limits for excess pressure (0.2–0.6 MPa

Projective Methods of Image Recognition

We propose a method for image recognition on the base of projections. Radon transform gives an opportunity to map image into space of its projections. Projection properties allow constructing informative features on the base of moments that can be successfully used for invariant recognition. Offered approach gives about 91-97% of correct recognition

THE PROBLEM OF OPTIMIZATION OF EXPENSES OF AN ENTERPRISE IN CRISIS CONDITIONS

The article examines the main factors that influencе on the costs of enterprise. Various types of classification of expense are analyzed: internal and external, planned and accidental, primary and secondary. A comprehensive approach to the analysis of the possibility of reducing the costs for cost of goods describes

THE PROBLEM OF OPTIMIZATION OF EXPENSES OF AN ENTERPRISE IN CRISIS CONDITIONS

The article examines the main factors that influencе on the costs of enterprise. Various types of classification of expense are analyzed: internal and external, planned and accidental, primary and secondary. A comprehensive approach to the analysis of the possibility of reducing the costs for cost of goods describes

ВЛИЯНИЕ ОБЕСПЕЧЕННОСТИ ДЕРНОВО-ПОДЗОЛИСТОЙ ЛЕГКОСУГЛИНИСТОЙ ПОЧВЫ ОБМЕННЫМ МАГНИЕМ НА ЕЕ БИОЛОГИЧЕСКУЮ АКТИВНОСТЬ И УРОЖАЙНОСТЬ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ КУЛЬТУР

Microbiological and enzymatic research has been conducted in the field experiment modeling different supply of Luvisol sandy loam soil with exchangeable magnesium (71, 84, 137, 172, 181 and 243 mg/kg) and even exchangeable acidity. It’s established that within the diapason of 70–170 Mg2+ content in soil and with NPK-fertilization it’s observed the increase of soil microbial biomass, metabolic activity of microbial communities, intensity of the main microbiological processes which regulate soil fertility – ammonification, carbonhydrates mineralization and plant residues humification. The rise of Mg2+ concentration up to 180 mg/kg results in the retarding of microbiological and enzymatic processes in soil. When the concentration of Mg2+ in soil is up to 243 mg/kg the depression of the mentioned processes is observed. The established dependences are con-firmed by the data on the yields of maize and barley.В полевом эксперименте, моделирующем разную насыщенность дерново-подзолистой легкосуглинистой почвы обменным магнием – в диапазоне 71, 84, 137, 172, 181 и 243 мг/кг и выровненной обменной кислотности, проведены микробиологические и биохимические исследования. Установлено, что в диапазоне содержания Mg2+ в почве от 71 до 172 мг/кг при внесении полного минерального удобрения отмечается рост микробной биомассы, метаболической активности микробных сообществ, интенсивности ключевых микробиологических процессов, регулирующих почвенное плодородие – аммонификации, минерализации углеводов и гумификации растительных остатков (биологически обоснованный диапазон). При насыщении почвы Mg2+ до 180 мг/кг отмечается замедление, а при достижении концентрации Mg2+ до 243 мг/кг – депрессия почвенных микробиологических и биохимических процессов, что подтверждается данными по урожайности ячменя и кукурузы

ДИАГНОСТИКА МАГНИЕВОГО ПИТАНИЯ СЕЛЬСКОХОЗЯЙСТВЕННЫХ КУЛЬТУР НА ДЕРНОВО-ПОДЗОЛИСТЫХ СУГЛИНИСТЫХ ПОЧВАХ

The results of long-term field experiments on specially prepared 4 levels of exchangeable magnesium content in Podzoluvisol loamy soils in a wide range of Mg 46–263 mg · kg–1 are presented. The parameters of soil and plant diagnostics of magnesium supply of corn, spring rapeseed and barley have been developed. The obtained data enable to choose the appropriate fields for particular crops and to identify the necessity for foliar spray of plants with 4 % solution of MgSO4 · 7H2О according to the analyses of soils and plants at early stages of their development.Представлены результаты многолетних полевых опытов на специально подготовленных 4 уровнях содержания обменного магния в дерново-подзолистых легкосуглинистых почвах в широком диапазоне Mg – 46–263 мг/кг. Разработаны параметры почвенной и растительной диагностики магниевого питания кукурузы, ярового рапса и ячменя. Полученная информация позволяет подобрать поля и участки для дифференцированного размещения культур и выявить необходимость проведения некорневых подкормок растений 4%-ным раствором MgSO4 · 7H2О в зависимости от анализов почв и растений на ранних стадиях их развития

Методологічні аспекти вибору компонентів корпоративної інформаційно-аналітичної системи з урахуванням критерію живучості

The approaches regarding the creation and selection of the components of corporate information and analytical system, taking into account many of the requirements and criterion of survivability have been considered. Refs: 7 titles.Рассмотрены подходы к созданию и выбору компонентов корпоративной информационно-аналитической системы с учетом многих требований и критерия живучести. Библиогр.: 7 наим.Розглянуто підходи щодо створення та вибору компонентів корпоративної інформаційно-аналітичної системи з урахуванням багатьох вимог і критерію живучості

Mathematical models for derivative securities markets

The classical Black-Scholes analysis determines a unique, continuous, trading strategy which allows one to hedge a financial option perfectly and leads to a unique price for the option. It assumes, however, that there are no transaction costs involved in implementing this strategy, and the stock market is absolutely liquid. In this work some new results are obtained to accommodate costs of hedging, which occur in practice, and market imperfections into the option pricing framework. In Part One transaction charges are dealt with by means of the mean-variance technique, originally developed by Markowitz. This approach is based on the minimisation of the variance of the outcome at expiry subject to spending at most a given initial endowment. Since "perfect" replication is no longer possible in this case, there will always be an unavoidable element of risk associated with writing an option. Therefore, the option price is now not unique. A mean-variance approach makes option pricing relatively easy and meaningful to an investor, who is supposed to choose a point on the mean-deviation locus. In the limit of zero transaction costs, the problem naturally reduces to the Black-Scholes valuation method, unlike alternative approaches based on the utility-maximisation. The stochastic optimisation problem obtained is dealt with by means of the stochastic version of Pontryagin's maximum principle. This technique is believed to be applied to this kind of problem for the first time. In general the resulting free-boundary problem has to be solved numerically, but for a small level of proportional transaction costs an asymptotic solution is possible. Regions of short term and long term dynamics are identified and the intermediate behaviour is obtained by matching these regions. The perturbation analysis of the utility-maximisation approach is also revised in this work, and amendments are obtained.In addition, the maximum principle is applied to the Portfolio Selection problem of Markowitz. The dynamical rebalancing technique developed in this work proves more efficient than the classical static approach, and allows investors to obtain portfolios with lower levels of risk. The model presented in Part Two is an attempt to quantify the concept of liquidity and establish relations between various measures of market performance. Informational inefficiency is argued to be the main reason for the unavailability of an asset at its equilibrium price. A mathematical model to describe the asset price behaviour together with arbitrage considerations enable us to estimate the component of the bid-ask spread arising from the outstanding information. The impact of the market liquidity on hedging an option with another option as well as the underlying asset itself is also examined. Although in the last case uncertainty cannot be completely eliminated from the hedged portfolio, a unique risk-minimising strategy is found