THE OVERVIEW SALMONELLA SP AND E. COLI IN POULTRY CAECUM AT THREE DISTRICT OF THE WORKING AREA BALAI VETERINER SUBANG

Salmonella sp. and E.coli are a familiar bacteria. Both bacteria can grow well anywhere, either in products of animal origin, environment or in animal organs. In this opportunity, we try to isolate the bacteria from the organ that is chicken cecum. According to one study, Salmonella bacteria are most commonly found in the chicken cecum. Chicken cecum obtained from poultry slaughterhouse (TPU) in Kabupaten Tangerang, Bogor City, and Depok City. The amount of cecum samples are different in each districts, for Kabupaten Tangerang 30 pieces from 10 locations, Depok City 1 piece from 1 point location, and Bogor City 6 pieces from 2 point location. The samples were taken at random sampling from TPU around the district/city. The other requirement is if known origin of the farm then only take one sample but if not known origin of farm then hence taken three samples. Aseptic cecum sampling techniques are needed to make the quality of the cecum remain hygien. The samples of the cecum taken should be fresh, nonficial and not rotten cecum. To maintain the quality of the cecum samples, the samples taken must be maintained at a temperature range of 0-4 oC while storage is placed in a freezer -20oC. From the test results found positive samples of Salmonella sp 16 units and a positive samples of E. coli as many as 27 units. This activity is one of the early stages of a series of activities to determine the level of antimicrobial resistance in poultry

Establishment of ATP-Based Luciferase Viability Assay in 96-Well Plate for Trypanosoma congolense

Animal African trypanosomosis (AAT), caused by Trypanosoma congolense, is widespread throughout sub-Saharan Africa. There are significant concerns related to the current drugs available for the treatment of AAT due to their limited effectiveness across species and their adverse effects. Moreover, drug resistant trypanosomes have recently been reported in the field. High throughput screening (HTS) of large chemical compound library collections is a promising approach for identifying novel drug candidates. While HTS for Trypanozoon trypanosomes, T. brucei sspp. and T. evansi is well established, no assays have been developed for T. congolense. In the present study, the authors developed an ATP-based luciferase viability assay for T. congolense in a 96-well plate format. The calculated 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values for pentamidine and diminazene were 10?100 times higher in T. congolense than in T. brucei. This result suggests that the transporters for the 2 tested compounds differ between T. congolense and T. brucei. This assay could further be applied to screen novel chemical compounds for the treatment of AAT caused by T. congolens

Molecular and serological detection of bovine babesiosis in Indonesia

Abstract Background Bovine babesiosis, mainly caused by Babesia bovis and B. bigemina, is a huge threat to the livestock industry. In Indonesia, the current distribution of the disease is unknown due to a lack of scientific study. Methods In the present study, 487 blood samples were collected from cattle with different breeding and age groups in a broad geographical area across the archipelago. The presence of antibodies and current infections of B. bovis and B. bigemina were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), immunochromatographic test (ICT), and nested PCR (nPCR) targeting B. bovis SBP-4 and B. bigemina RAP-1a genes. Sequence analysis was performed to the amplicon of B. bovis SBP-4, B. bigemina RAP-1a, and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of ribosomal RNA of both Babesia species. Results In total, B. bovis positives were detected by ELISA, single-ICT, dual-ICT and nPCR in 340 (69.8%), 317 (65.1%), 307 (63.0%) and 247 (50.7%) samples, respectively. For B. bigemina, the positive samples were detected in 134 (27.5%), 130 (26.7%), 127 (26.1%) and 93 (19.1%), respectively. Furthermore, mixed infections were found in 125 (25.7%), 113 (23.2%), 109 (22.4%) and 52 (10.7%) samples, respectively, which occurred only by chance and were not influenced by additional factors. The obtained nucleotide sequences of B. bovis SBP-4 and B. bigemina RAP-1a genes showed a high homology with other isolates from different countries. Further nucleotide sequence analysis using ITS region showed a great genetic diversity of B. bovis isolates among sampling locations; a lower diversity was found in B. bigemina ITS isolates. Conclusions These data revealed the current distribution of B. bovis and B. bigemina infection in cattle in Indonesia. The rate of infection varied among sampling locations, cattle breeds and age groups. Furthermore, B. bovis ITS isolates from Indonesia were found to be more genetically diverse than B. bigemina ITS isolates. The data presented in this study are necessary to develop an effective strategy for controlling the disease in the country

Additional file 4 of Molecular and serological detection of bovine babesiosis in Indonesia

Figure S1. Phylogenetic tree of Babesia bovis SBP-4 gene sequences. Figure. S2. Phylogenetic analysis of Babesia bigemina RAP-1a gene sequences. (PDF 170 kb

Additional file 1: of Molecular and serological detection of bovine babesiosis in Indonesia

Expected conditional probability of mixed infections between B. bovis and B. bigemina using ELISA (Table S1), bovICT and bigICT (Table S2), dual-ICT (Table S3), and nPCR (Table S4). (XLSX 24 kb