El municipio de León y su realidad multicultural: una descripción sobre el estado actual de la inmigración

Cuando la gente cambia de manera permanente de lugar de residencia, sus vidas se ven afectadas de alguna manera. Además la comunidad que abandonan y aquella en la que entran también se ven afectadas. La mayoría de las investigaciones coinciden en señalar que la asimilación es un proceso generacional. Sin embargo nuestros datos apuntan que se trata de una incorporación de familias, principalmente, con vocación de arraigo permanente, y que transformarán sin lugar a dudas la estructura social de la población leonesa a futuro

Epigenetic alterations involved in cancer stem cell reprogramming

Current hypotheses suggest that tumors originate from cells that carry out a process of 'malignant reprogramming' driven by genetic and epigenetic alterations. Multiples studies reported the existence of stem-cell-like cells that acquire the ability to self-renew and are able to generate the bulk of more differentiated cells that form the tumor. This population of cancer cells, called cancer stem cells (CSC), is responsible for sustaining the tumor growth and, under determined conditions, can disseminate and migrate to give rise to secondary tumors or metastases to distant organs. Furthermore, CSCs have shown to be more resistant to anti-tumor treatments than the non-stem cancer cells, suggesting that surviving CSCs could be responsible for tumor relapse after therapy. These important properties have raised the interest in understanding the mechanisms that govern the generation and maintenance of this special population of cells, considered to lie behind the on/off switches of gene expression patterns. In this review, we summarize the most relevant epigenetic alterations, from DNA methylation and histone modifications to the recently discovered miRNAs that contribute to the regulation of cancer stem cell features in tumor progression, metastasis and response to chemotherapy

Necesidades de información laboral de alumnos de farmacia: experiencias para la implantación del EEES como herramienta para conocer el mercado de trabajo

En este estudio se recogen datos sobre el conocimiento de los futuros profesionales respecto al mercado laboral y a la formación de postgrado; se pretende obtener una herramienta docente para organizar estrategias que motiven y estimulen el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje. El diseño de investigación seleccionado fue de carácter descriptivo, con un cuestionario de 10 preguntas de respuestas múltiples agrupadas según proporcionan información sobre I) las necesidades de información laboral y búsqueda de empleo, II) los conocimientos sobre la formación de postgrado, y III) el grado de conocimiento sobre los futuros desarrollos profesionales. Los alumnos reconocen que sus conocimientos sobre la gestión de una Oficina de Farmacia, Centro de Distribución o Industria Farmacéutica, eran escasos o nulos al iniciar la asignatura (70%); pero fueron considerados más que suficientes para el 82% al final del curso. Igualmente, hasta un 85% de los alumnos aseguraron poseer poca o ninguna información sobre aspectos de la gestión en Hospitales o Atención Primaria; pero al final de curso un 59% dicen poseer conocimientos suficientes en este camp

Blockade of novel immune checkpoints and new therapeutic combinations to boost antitumor immunity

Immunotherapy has emerged as a promising strategy for boosting antitumoral immunity. Blockade of immune checkpoints (ICs), which regulate the activity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and natural killer (NK) cells has proven clinical benefits. Antibodies targeting CTLA-4, PD-1, and PD-L1 are IC-blockade drugs approved for the treatment of various solid and hematological malignancies. However, a large subset of patients does not respond to current anti-IC immunotherapy. An integrative understanding of tumor-immune infiltrate, and IC expression and function in immune cell populations is fundamental to the design of effective therapies. The simultaneous blockade of newly identified ICs, as well as of previously described ICs, could improve antitumor response. We review the potential for novel combinatory blockade strategies as antitumoral therapy, and their effects on immune cells expressing the targeted ICs. Preclinical evidence and clinical trials involving the blockade of the various ICs are reported. We finally discuss the rationale of IC co-blockade strategy with respect to its downstream signaling in order to improve effective antitumoral immunity and prevent an increased risk of immune-related adverse events (irAEs)

Diseño de material didáctico en la enseñanza de inglés para alumnos de ingeniería

En el presente artículo se presenta una propuesta para el diseño de material didáctico en la enseñanza de inglés dirigida a alumnos de ingeniería industrial. Esta propuesta gira en torno a la utilización de textos y requiere la definición de unos criterios de selección de los mismos y el análisis de cada uno de ellos para descubrir su potencial pedagógico. Una vez cubiertas esas dos etapas, el profesor puede preparar una serie de tareas con las que alcanzar los objetivos pedagógicos enunciados para la asignatura.In this article a proposal to design didactic material is presented. This proposal is aimed at teaching English to industrial engineering students. It is based on the use of texts, and requires the definition of some criteria to select them. The model also states the need of an analysis of the texts looking for their pedagogical potential. Having finished these two stages, teachers can prepare a series of tasks, which allow reaching the pedagogical objectives stated for the subject

Pharmaceutical management and planning: implementation of PBL. Methodology implemented through group work

La implantación del EEES supone un importante reto para la docencia de numerosas universidades europeas y permite desarrollar iniciativas de innovación docente; esto es lo que en los últimos años se ha venido haciendo en diversas asignaturas de la Facultad de Farmacia de la Universidad de Sevilla. En este sentido, la asignatura de Gestión y Planificación, por su carácter eminentemente práctico, está especialmente indicada para implementar diversas actividades de innovación docente, entre ellas, el Aprendizaje Basado en Problemas (ABP). La estrategia docente consiste en el desarrollo en grupos reducidos de alumnos de un plan de marketing y/o merchandising en una oficina de farmacia concreta. Se pretende el desarrollo de cinco competencias genéricas: buscar información, trabajar en equipo, debatir en grupo y tomar decisiones, elaborar informes, y defender y debatir su trabajo en público. Desde la implantación generalizada de este tipo de actividad en el curso 2007/08 se comprueba una mayor implicación del alumno en la asignatura que se traduce en una mayor participación en el ABP, en el examen oficial, y en un mayor porcentaje de aprobados.The implementation of the EHEA is an important challenge for the teaching of many universities in Europe and enables the development of innovative teaching initiatives; this is what in recent years has been doing in different subjects of the Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville. In this sense, the subject of Management and Planning, by its practical nature, is suited to implement various activities of educational innovation, including Problem Based Learning (PBL). The teaching strategy is the development in small groups of students in a marketing plan and/or merchandising in a specific pharmacy. The aim is the development of five generic skills: searching for information, teamwork, group discussions and decisions, prepare reports, and defend and discuss their work in public. Since the widespread deployment of this type of activity during 2007/08 is found greater involvement of students in the subject that translates into greater participation in PBL, in the official examination, and a better pass rate

Insulin-induced redistribution of GLUT4 glucose carriers in the muscle fiber

Insulin rapidly stimulates glucose transport in muscle fiber. This process controls the utilization of glucose in skeletal muscle, and it is deficient in various insulin-resistant states, such as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. The effect of insulin on muscle glucose transport is mainly due to the recruitment of GLUT4 glucose carriers to the cell surface of the muscle fiber. There is increasing evidence that the recruitment of GLUT4 carriers triggered by insulin affects selective domains of sarcolemma and transverse tubules. In contrast, GLUT1 is located mainly in sarcolemma and is absent in transverse tubules, and insulin does not alter its cellular distribution in muscle fiber. The differential distribution of GLUT1 and GLUT4 in the cell surface raises new questions regarding the precise endocytic and exocytic pathways that are functional in the muscle fiber. The current view of insulin-induced GLUT4 translocation is based mainly on studies performed in adipocytes. These studies have proposed the existence of intracellular compartments of GLUT4 that respond to insulin in a highly homogeneous manner. However, studies performed in skeletal muscle have identified insulin-sensitive as well as insulin-insensitive intracellular GLUT4-containing membranes. These data open a new perspective on the dynamics of intracellular GLUT4 compartments in insulin-sensitive cells

Tecnología virtual como herramienta para el aprendizaje de fibrobroncoscopia. Evaluación simulador ORSIM

Hoy día, la revolución tecnológica  y el amplio abanico de nuevos videolaringoscopios y dispositivos supraglóticos que salen al mercado es tal que, en la última década, el uso del fibrobroncoscopio se ha reducido de manera llamativa. La consecuencia inmediata asociada a este hecho ha sido un detrimento en el aprendizaje y manejo de este dispositivo lo que ha llevado al desarrollo de simuladores de realidad virtual que tratan de compensar este cambio permitiendo adquirir las habilidades necesarias para el uso del mismo. La consecuencia lógica  y manifiesta ha sido la creciente voz de alarma sobre la validez y fiabilidad de estos simuladores, lo cual ha motivado, a los autores del artículo que presentamos,  a tratar de resolver estas dudas sobre el simulador ORSIM

Tecnología virtual como herramienta para el aprendizaje de fibrobroncoscopia. Evaluación simulador ORSIM

Today, the technological revolution and the wide range of new video laryngoscopes and supraglottic devices coming onto the market is such that, in the last decade, the use of fiberoptic bronchoscope has decreased dramatically. The immediate consequence associated with this fact has been a detriment to the learning and handling of this device, which has led to the development of virtual reality simulators that try to compensate for this change by allowing the acquisition of the necessary skills to use it. The obvious and logical consequence has been the growing alarm bell about the validity and reliability of these simulators, which has motivated the authors of the article that we present to try to resolve these doubts about the ORSIM simulator.Hoy día, la revolución tecnológica  y el amplio abanico de nuevos videolaringoscopios y dispositivos supraglóticos que salen al mercado es tal que, en la última década, el uso del fibrobroncoscopio se ha reducido de manera llamativa. La consecuencia inmediata asociada a este hecho ha sido un detrimento en el aprendizaje y manejo de este dispositivo lo que ha llevado al desarrollo de simuladores de realidad virtual que tratan de compensar este cambio permitiendo adquirir las habilidades necesarias para el uso del mismo. La consecuencia lógica  y manifiesta ha sido la creciente voz de alarma sobre la validez y fiabilidad de estos simuladores, lo cual ha motivado, a los autores del artículo que presentamos,  a tratar de resolver estas dudas sobre el simulador ORSIM

Early Intervention in Unilateral Cerebral Palsy: Let’s Listen to the Families! What Are Their Desires and Perspectives? A Preliminary Family-Researcher Co-Design Study

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a clinical diagnosis based on a combination of clinical and neurological signs, which occurs between the ages of 12 and 24 months. Cerebral palsy or a high risk of cerebral palsy can be accurately predicted before 5–6 months, which is the corrected age. This would allow the initiation of intervention at an early stage. Parents must be more involved in the development and implementation of the early therapy, increasing opportunities for parent–child interaction. The aim of this study was to learn from the perspectives of families with children under 12 months with unilateral cerebral palsy (UCP), what ingredients (barriers and facilitators) should be involved in early intervention so that we could co-design (researchers and families) a multidisciplinary guideline for a global intervention addressed to the needs of the child and the family. Semi-structured interviews were conducted at a time and venue convenient for the families. A total of ten families with experience in early intervention were invited to attend the interview with open questions: (1) What components should early intervention have for a baby diagnosed with UCP? (2) What components should early intervention have for the family? (3) What should the involvement of the family be in early intervention? (4) What barriers included in early intervention should be removed? From the data analysis, three key topics emerged and were subsequently named by focus group participants: (1) UCP early intervention components, (2) family involvement in early intervention of UCP, and (3) removing barriers and creating facilitators within early intervention. The participation of the families (mothers) in the co-design of the necessary ingredients within the scope of a multidisciplinary early intervention guide aimed at children with UCP under 12 months allows learning about their reality and not that of the therapist. The following list highlights the present barriers as perceived by the parents: intervention as spectators, therapeutic goals, clinic environment, and lack of empathy, and the possible facilitators determined by the parents during the implementation comprised teamwork, the family’s goals, motivation during the intervention, and learning at home. Thus, an early intervention program to improve global functionality should address family involvement through multidisciplinary coaching and the modification of the environment, encouraging family goals and family support through the family–therapist team