Implementación de un plan de negocio para la fabricación y comercialización de alimentos saludables basados en productos agrícolas cultivados en la Región Soacha comuna II del Departamento de Cundinamarca

Implementación de un plan de negocio para la fabricación y comercialización de alimentos saludables basados en productos agrícolasLa alimentación es importante para el bienestar del ser humano y tener un estilo de vida saludable es fundamental para el desarrollo óptimo de las personas es por ello que como emprendedoras decidimos poner en marcha un plan de negocio donde se pueda contribuir a la sociedad con alimentos altamente naturales que sean asequibles a la comunidad mediante una propuesta diferente que promueva los hábitos saludables identificando los elementos y materiales necesarios para llevar a cabo el proyecto y a su vez realizar una proyección financiera que nos permita visibilizar la viabilidad del plan de negocio. El presente proyecto se enfoca en la construcción de una idea de negocio la cual nace en las aulas de clases de la universidad Uniminuto y busca ser materializada por las emprendedoras, por lo tanto, esta idea está apoyada y sustentada en la investigación de productos saludables y enfermedades no trasmisibles, identificando la población a la cual será dirigida basados en la responsabilidad social frente a la comunidad, indagando la normatividad vigente con el fin de actuar de forma correcta frente a la constitución del emprendimiento, adicional haciendo un estudio técnico que nos permita integrar los factores necesarios para el procesamiento y comercialización de productos saludables y a su vez efectuar una proyección financiera que permita visibilizar la viabilidad del plan de negocio.This project focuses on the construction of a business idea which is born in the classrooms of the Uniminuto university and seeks to be materialized by the entrepreneurs, therefore this idea is supported and sustained in the investigation of healthy products and diseases. non-communicable, identifying the population to which it will be directed based on social responsibility towards the community, investigating the current regulations in order to act correctly against the constitution of the additional undertaking, carrying out a technical study that allows us to integrate the factors necessary for the processing and marketing of healthy products and in turn make a financial projection that allows visibility of the viability of the business plan

Relación entre el pH y la disponibilidad de nutrientes para cacao en un entisol de la Amazonia colombiana

Liming is a common practice in acid soil management; however, the information on liming in cacao soils of the Colombian Amazon region is precarious. Incubation curves were built in a highly acid Typic Udorthents cultivated with cacao (Theobroma cacao L. - Malvaceae), for which increasing doses (0 - 1 - 3 - 5 - 7 - 9 -11 Mg/ha) of dolomite lime (CaMg(CO3)2) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) were used, in order to establish the type and amount of liming material (ME) with better reactivity, and the one that is better favored with the acidity changes: pH, Al3+, H+, total acidity. Models to estimate the ME dose needed to manage the soil in order to obtain the desired pH (≥5.5) were generated. Subsequently, the soil was then limed under field conditions and pH, Al3+, Al in solution (Alsol), aluminum saturation (sai), cation exchange capacity (cec) and N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, B, Fe and Mn availability were evaluated. The results show that the greatest reaction of liming materials in these soils occurs after 60 days; applications of 7 Mg/ha allowed to raise the pH from 5.5 to 6.0 and decreases Al and Fe levels. These changes improved the cec and nutrient availability (Ca, Mg, P, Zn) for cacao without affecting other nutrients such as N and K.El encalado es una práctica común en el manejo de suelos ácidos, sin embargo, la información sobre encalado en suelos cacaoteros de la Amazonia colombiana es precaria. Se construyeron curvas de incubación en un Typic Udorthents fuertemente ácido cultivado con cacao (Theobroma cacao L., Malvaceae), para lo cual se utilizaron dosis crecientes (0 - 1 - 3 - 5 - 7 - 9 - 11 Mg/ha) de cal dolomita (CaMg(CO3)2) y carbonato de calcio (CaCO3), con el fin de conocer el tipo y cantidad de material encalante (ME) de mejor reactividad y el que más favorece los cambios en la acidez: pH, Al3+, H+ y acidez total. Se construyeron los modelos para estimar la dosis de ME necesaria para llevar el suelo al pH deseado (≥5,5). Posteriormente se encaló el suelo en condiciones de campo y se evaluó el efecto en pH, Al3+, Al en solución (Alsol), saturación de aluminio (SAI), capacidad de intercambio catiónico (CIC) y la disponibilidad de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, B, Fe y Mn. Los resultados muestran que la mayor reacción de los materiales encalantes en estos suelos se presenta después de 60 días. Aplicaciones de 7 Mg/ha permitieron elevar el pH de 5,5 a 6,0 y disminuir los niveles de Al y Fe, cambios que mejoraron la CIC y la disponibilidad de nutrientes para cacao (Ca, Mg, P, Zn) sin afectar otros nutrientes como N y K

Efecto del encalado en el uso eficiente de macronutrientes para cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) en la Amazonia colombiana

In the Colombian Amazon, cacao tree (Theobroma cacao L.) plantations have low yield due to soil acidity which limits the efficient use of nutrients. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of liming and fertilization in an acid soil (Typic Udorthents) of the Colombian Amazon on the efficient use of nutrients in terms of nutrient use efficiency (nue) and fertilizer recovery efficiency (fre) for N, P and K, in four universal clones of fine cocoa flavor and bouquet. A completely randomized block design was used using a factorial arrangement, being factor A, four clones (a1: ICS-1, a2: CCN-51, a3: ICS-39, and a4: TSH-565) and factor B, four fertility levels (b1: absolute control, b2: soil 90 days after liming (dal), b3: absolute control plus N-P-K until reaching the requirements of the crop, and b4: b2 plus N-P-K until reaching the requirements of the crop). Results show that liming and fertilization affect nue and yield, meanwhile, the lowest yield was found in b1 for all the clones, suggesting that the natural soil fertility is not sufficient for cacao tree development. Clone CCN-51 was more efficient in the use of nutrients than the other clones, in this sense, the four clones responded differentially according to nue and fre, evidencing the influence of the genotype, the edaphoclimatic conditions of the area, as well as specific of pH and nutrient preferences for each clone.En la Amazonia colombiana, el cultivo de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) presenta bajo rendimiento debido a que la alta acidez del suelo limita el uso eficiente de nutrientes. Por lo tanto, esta investigación evalúa el efecto del encalamiento y la fertilización en un suelo ácido (Typic Udorthents) de la Amazonia colombiana sobre el uso eficiente de nutrientes (uen), en términos de la eficiencia agronómica (ea) y la eficiencia de recuperación del fertilizante (erf) para nitrógeno (N), fósforo (P) y potasio (K), y cuatro clones universales de cacao fino de sabor y aroma. Se utilizó un diseño en bloques completos al azar con arreglo factorial, siendo el factor A cuatro clones (a1: ICS-1, a2: CCN-51, a3: ICS-39, y a4: TSH-565) y el factor B cuatro niveles de fertilidad (b1: control absoluto; b2: suelo 90 días después de encalado (dde); b3: control absoluto más N - P - K, hasta alcanzar los requerimientos del cultivo; b4: b2 más N - P - K, hasta alcanzar los requerimientos del cultivo). Los resultados muestran que el encalado y la fertilización afectaron el uen y el rendimiento; mientras tanto, el más bajo rendimiento se presentó en b1 para todos los clones, sugiriendo que la fertilidad del suelo natural no es suficiente para el desarrollo del cultivo de cacao; además, el clon CCN-51 mostró mayor habilidad en el uso de nutrientes que los restantes clones. En este sentido, los cuatro clones respondieron de forma diferencial de acuerdo con la ea y la erf, evidenciando la influencia del genotipo y de las condiciones edafoclimáticas de la zona, así como las preferencias específicas de pH y nutrientes para cada clon

Barreiras e facilitadores da vacinação contra influenza observados por funcionários dos programas nacionais de imunização em países Sul-Americanos com diferentes níveis de cobertura

Influenza is a severe, vaccine-preventable disease. Vaccination programs across Latin American countries show contrasting coverage rates, from 29% in Paraguay to 89% in Brazil. This study explores how national influenza vaccination programs in the chosen South American countries address vaccine confidence and convenience, as well as complacency toward the disease. Barriers and facilitators to influenza vaccination programs in their relation to vaccine hesitancy were observed by documentary analysis and interviews with 38 national immunization program officers in high- (Brazil and Chile) and lowperforming (Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay) countries. Influenza vaccination policies, financing, purchasing, coordination, and accessibility are considered good or acceptable. National communication strategies focus on vaccine availability during campaigns. In Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay, anti-vaccine propaganda was mentioned as a problem. Programming and implementation face human resource shortages across most countries. Statistical information, health information systems, and nominal risk-group records are available, with limitations in Peru and Paraguay. Health promotion, supervision, monitoring, and evaluation are perceived as opportunities to address confidence and complacency. Influenza vaccination programs identify and act on most barriers and facilitators affecting influenza vaccine hesitancy via supply-side strategies which mostly address vaccine convenience. Confidence and complacency are insufficiently addressed, except for Uruguay. Programs have the opportunity to develop integral supply and demand-side approaches.La gripe es una enfermedad grave, prevenible mediante vacunas con sus correspondientes programas en países latinoamericanos, informando sobre tasas contrastadas de cobertura, desde el 29% en Paraguay al 89% en Brasil. Este artículo investiga cómo los programas nacionales contra la gripe en países seleccionados de Suramérica abordan la confianza en la vacuna y su conveniencia, así como también la complacencia hacia la enfermedad. Las barreras y facilitadores del programa de vacunación de la gripe, en su relación con la vacilación hacia la vacuna, se observaron mediante análisis documental y entrevistas a 38 a cargo de los programas nacionales de inmunización en países con alto (Brasil y Chile) y bajo desempeño (Paraguay, Perú y Uruguay). Políticas de vacunación contra la gripe, financiamiento, compras coordinación y accesibilidad fueron consideradas como buenas o aceptables. Las estrategias nacionales de comunicación se centran en la disponibilidad de la vacuna durante las campañas. En Chile, Paraguay y Uruguay la propaganda antivacunas fue mencionada como un problema. La planificación e implementación enfrentan escasez de recursos humanos en la mayoría de países a través de la mayoría de países. Los sistemas de información en salud, estadísticas y registros nominales por grupos de riesgo se encuentran disponibles con limitaciones en Perú y Paraguay. La promoción de la salud, supervisión, monitoreo y evaluación son percibidos como oportunidades para abordar la confianza y complacencia. Los programas de vacunación contra la gripe actúan principalmente sobre las barreras y facilitadores que afectan la vacilación a vacunarse mediante estrategias del lado de la demanda, las cuales en su mayor parte van dirigidas a contrarestar la conveniencia. La confianza y complacencia son insuficientemente abordadas en todos los países, excepto en Uruguay. Los programas tienen la oportunidad de desarrollar estrategias que aborden tanto el lado de la oferta como de la demanda.A influenza é uma doença grave, imunoprevenível, para a qual os programas de vacinação nos países latino-americanos apresentam taxas de cobertura contrastantes, desde 29% no Paraguai até 89% no Brasil. O artigo explora de que maneira os programas nacionais de influenza em países selecionados da América do Sul lidam com a confiança e a conveniência da vacina, assim como, a acomodação em relação à doença. As barreiras e facilitadores dos programas de vacinação contra influenza foram observados em relação à hesitação vacinal, através de análise documental e entrevistas com 38 autoridades de programas nacionais de imunização em países com desempenho alto (Brasil e Chile) e baixo (Paraguai, Peru e Uruguai). As políticas de vacinação contra influenza, financiamento da compra de vacinas, coordenação e acessibilidade são consideradas boas ou aceitáveis. As estratégias nacionais de comunicação estão concentradas na disponibilidade durante campanhas. No Chile, Paraguai e Uruguay, a propaganda antivacina foi mencionada enquanto problema. A programação e a implementação enfrentam escassez de recursos humanos na maioria dos países. Dados estatísticos, sistemas de informação em saúde e registros nominais de grupos de risco estão disponíveis, com limitações no Peru e no Paraguai. A promoção da saúde, supervisão, monitoramento e avaliação foram percebidas como oportunidades para tratar da confiança e da acomodação. Os programas de vacinação contra influenza identificam e agem sobre a maioria das barreiras e facilitadores que afetam a hesitação vacinal através de estratégias do lado da oferta, tratando principalmente da conveniência da vacina. A confiança e a acomodação não são tratadas de maneira suficiente, com exceção notável do Uruguai. Os programas têm a oportunidade de desenvolver abordagens que integram os lados da oferta e da procura

Influenza vaccination hesitancy in five countries of South America : confidence, complacency and convenience as determinants of immunization rates

Introduction: Influenza morbidity and mortality are significant in the countries of South America, yet influenza vaccination is as low as 56.7% among pregnant women, reaching 76.7% of adults with chronic diseases. This article measures the relative values for the vaccination hesitancy indicators of confidence, complacency and convenience by risk-groups in urban areas of five countries of South America with contrasting vaccination rates, analyzing their association with sociodemographic variables and self-reported immunization status. Methods: An exit survey was applied to 640 individuals per country in Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay, distributed equally across risk groups of older adults, adults with risk factors, children <=6 and pregnant women. Indicators were constructed for vaccine confidence, complacency and convenience. Analysis of variance and multiple logistic analysis was undertaken. Results: Adults with risk factors are somewhat more confident of the influenza vaccine yet also more complacent. Convenience is higher for mothers of minors. Children and older adults report higher levels of vaccination. The 3Cs are more different across countries than across risk groups, with values for Chile higher for confidence and those for Uruguay the lowest. Complacency is lower in Brazil and higher in Uruguay. Results suggest that confidence and complacency affect vaccination rates across risk groups and countries. Conclusions: Influenza vaccine confidence, complacency and convenience have to be bolstered to improve effective coverage across all risk groups in the urban areas of the countries studied. The role played by country contextual and national vaccination programs has to be further researched in relation to effective coverage of influenza vaccine

Experiencia del Sistema Nacional de Salud Mexicano en el desarrollo de guías de práctica clínica

ResumenAntecedentesLas guías de práctica clínica son herramientas que han demostrado hacer más racionales las decisiones en salud y disminuir la brecha entre la acción clínica y la evidencia científica.ObjetivoEl estudio tiene como objetivo compartir la experiencia en el desarrollo y actualización de guías por el Sistema Nacional de Salud de México.Material y métodosLa metodología en el desarrollo de guías consta de 5 fases: priorización, conformación de grupos de trabajo, desarrollo por adopción de guías internacionales o de novo, validación e integración en el Catálogo maestro de guías de práctica clínica para su difusión.ResultadosEl Catálogo maestro de guías de práctica clínica aloja 664 guías, distribuidas de la siguiente forma: 42% son de Medicina Interna, 22% de Cirugía, 24% de Pediatría y el 12% de Ginecología y Obstetricia. Del total de las guías, se da cobertura al 85% del Catálogo universal de servicios de salud, al 84% del Fondo de protección contra gastos catastróficos y al 61% del Seguro Médico Siglo XXI de la Comisión Nacional de Protección Social en Salud.DiscusiónEl resultado es la suma de un esfuerzo de coordinación y cooperación de las instituciones del Sistema Nacional de Salud, de las voluntades políticas y del compromiso de 3,477 profesionales de la salud que participan en el desarrollo y actualización de las guías.ConclusionesLa integración, difusión e implantación de las guías del Catálogo maestro mejora la calidad de la atención y seguridad de los usuarios del Sistema Nacional de Salud.AbstractBackgroundClinical practice guidelines are tools that have been able to streamline decisions made in health issues and to decrease the gap between clinical action and scientific evidence.ObjectiveThe objective of the study is to share the experience in the development and to update the guidelines by the National Health System of Mexico.Material and methodsThe methodology in the development of the guidelines consists of 5 phases: prioritisation, establishment of work groups, development by adoption of international guidelines of de novo, validation and integration in the Master catalogue of clinical practice guidelines for its dissemination.ResultsThe Master catalogue of clinical practice guidelines contains 664 guidelines, distributed in 42% Internal Medicine, 22% Surgery, 24% Pediatrics and 12% Gynecology. From the total of guidelines coverage is granted at an 85% of the Universal catalogue of health services, an 84% of the Catastrophic expenses protection fund and a 61% of the XXI Century Medical Insurance of the National Commission of Social Protection in Health.DiscussionThe result is the sum of a great effort of coordination and cooperation between the institutions of the National Health System, political wills and a commitment of 3,477 health professionals that participate in guidelines’ development and update.ConclusionMaster catalogue guidelines’ integration, diffusion and implantation improve quality of attention and security of the users of the National Health System

Ambulatory health service users' experience of waiting time and expenditure and factors associated with the perception of low quality of care in Mexico

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>A principal reason for low use of public health care services is the perception of inferior quality of care. Studying health service user (HSU) experiences with their care and their perception of health service quality is critical to understanding health service utilization. The aim of this study was to define reference points for some aspects of health care quality and to analyze which HSU experiences resulted in perceptions of overall low quality of care.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Data from the National Health Survey 2006 were used to compare the experiences of HSUs with their ambulatory care at Ministry of Health and affiliated institutions (MOH), social security institutions (SSI) and private institutions (PrivI). Reference points of quality of care related to waiting time and expenditure were defined for each of the three types of institutions by analyzing HSU experiences rated as 'acceptable'. A multivariable logistic regression model was used to identify the principal factors associated with the general perception of low quality of care.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>A total of 11,959 HSUs were included in the analysis, of whom 37.6% (n = 4,500) HSUs received care at MOH facilities; 31.2% (n = 3,730) used SSI and 31.2% (n = 3,729) PrivI. An estimated travel and waiting time of 10 minutes respectively was rated as acceptable by HSUs from all institutions. The differences between the waiting time rated as acceptable and the actual waiting time were the largest for SSI (30 min) in comparison to MoH (20 min) and PrivI (5 min) users. The principal factors associated with an overall perception of low quality of care are type of institution (OR 4.36; 95% CI 2.95-6.44), waiting time (OR 3.20; 95% CI 2.35-4.35), improvement of health after consultation (OR 2.93; CI 2.29-3.76) and consultation length of less than 20 minutes (2.03; 95% CI 1.60-2.57).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The reference points derived by the HSUs' own ratings are useful in identifying where quality improvements are required. Prioritizing the reduction of waiting times and improving health status improvement after consultation would increase overall quality of care ratings.</p

The global distribution of fatal pesticide self-poisoning: Systematic review

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Evidence is accumulating that pesticide self-poisoning is one of the most commonly used methods of suicide worldwide, but the magnitude of the problem and the global distribution of these deaths is unknown.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We have systematically reviewed the worldwide literature to estimate the number of pesticide suicides in each of the World Health Organisation's six regions and the global burden of fatal self-poisoning with pesticides. We used the following data sources: Medline, EMBASE and psycINFO (1990–2007), papers cited in publications retrieved, the worldwide web (using Google) and our personal collections of papers and books. Our aim was to identify papers enabling us to estimate the proportion of a country's suicides due to pesticide self-poisoning.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>We conservatively estimate that there are 258,234 (plausible range 233,997 to 325,907) deaths from pesticide self-poisoning worldwide each year, accounting for 30% (range 27% to 37%) of suicides globally. Official data from India probably underestimate the incidence of suicides; applying evidence-based corrections to India's official data, our estimate for world suicides using pesticides increases to 371,594 (range 347,357 to 439,267). The proportion of all suicides using pesticides varies from 4% in the European Region to over 50% in the Western Pacific Region but this proportion is not concordant with the volume of pesticides sold in each region; it is the pattern of pesticide use and the toxicity of the products, not the quantity used, that influences the likelihood they will be used in acts of fatal self-harm.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Pesticide self-poisoning accounts for about one-third of the world's suicides. Epidemiological and toxicological data suggest that many of these deaths might be prevented if (a) the use of pesticides most toxic to humans was restricted, (b) pesticides could be safely stored in rural communities, and (c) the accessibility and quality of care for poisoning could be improved.</p