Energy Conversion of an Environmental Thermal (T~300K) Energy into Electrical Energy by Nanoscale Field Emission Systems

Physical and numerical modeling of the field emission energy conversion (FEEC) nanoscale systems is carried out. It is shown, that FEEC systems with a cathodes based on an array of carbon nanotubes or quantum dots (at a temperature of the cathode T ~ 300 K) are able to realize effective conversion of an environmental thermal energy into electrical energy

New Thermal Field Electron Emission Energy Conversion Method

New thermal field electron emission energy conversion method for vacuum electron-optical systems (EOS) with a nanostructured surface electron sources is offered and developed. Physical and numerical modeling of an electron emission and transport processes for different EOS is carried out. It is shown that at the specific configuration of electrostatic and magnetic fields in the EOS offered method permits to realize energy conversion processes with high efficiency. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/3524

New Approach to the Thermal-to-Electrical Energy Conversion Problem on a Basis of the Thermal Field Emission Phenomenon

New approach to the thermal-to-electrical energy conversion problem on a basis of thermal field emission phenomenon is offered and developed. Physical and numerical modeling of an electron emission and transport processes for different electron-optical energy conversion systems with nanostructured surface electron sources (cathodes) is carried out. It is shown that offered approach permits to realize energy conversion processes with high efficiency

AUSTRO-HUNGARIAN ENTREPRENEURS IN RUSSIA IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE FIRST WORLD WAR

In the presented material, a change in the situation of entrepreneurs from Austria-Hungary operating in the Russian Empire after the outbreak of the First World War is considered. They came under the influence of restrictive and liquidation measures directed against subjects of the opposing countries. As a result, part of the Austro-Hungarian enterprises in Russia was liquidated, the other reorganized with the exception of foreign owners. Only entrepreneurs of Slavic origin were able to maintain their position. They were forced to reorganize their activities to adapt to the conditions of the war. The process of liquidation of foreign entrepreneurship, which began in the war years, was subsequently brought to its logical conclusion by the Bolshevik government

RHIC longitudinal parameter revision

Recent experience showed that bunch rotations are needed in the AGS for gold as well as proton operations before the beams are injected into RHIC. The longitudinal bunch area is increased for gold operation from 0.3 up to 0.5 eV{center_dot}s/u at design intensity. This paper reviews the revised longitudinal parameters in RHIC during injection, acceleration, transition crossing, rebucketing, and storage for gold and proton beams, accommodating for the change in injection conditions at the AGS

Optimal Axes of Siberian Snakes for Polarized Proton Acceleration

Accelerating polarized proton beams and storing them for many turns can lead to a loss of polarization when accelerating through energies where a spin rotation frequency is in resonance with orbit oscillation frequencies. First-order resonance effects can be avoided by installing Siberian Snakes in the ring, devices which rotate the spin by 180 degrees around the snake axis while not changing the beam's orbit significantly. For large rings, several Siberian Snakes are required. Here a criterion will be derived that allows to find an optimal choice of the snake axes. Rings with super-period four are analyzed in detail, and the HERA proton ring is used as an example for approximate four-fold symmetry. The proposed arrangement of Siberian Snakes matches their effects so that all spin-orbit coupling integrals vanish at all energies and therefore there is no first-order spin-orbit coupling at all for this choice, which I call snakes matching. It will be shown that in general at least eight Siberian Snakes are needed and that there are exactly four possibilities to arrange their axes. When the betatron phase advance between snakes is chosen suitably, four Siberian Snakes can be sufficient. To show that favorable choice of snakes have been found, polarized protons are tracked for part of HERA-p's acceleration cycle which shows that polarization is preserved best for the here proposed arrangement of Siberian Snakes.Comment: 14 pages, 16 figure

Helical spin rotators and snakes for RHIC

Various possible spin rotator and siberian snake schemes are considered for use at the RHIC collider, based on sequences of four helical dipole magnet modules