Pseudococcus affinis MASK., new vector of grapevine trichoviruses A and B

Research Note Grapevine trichovirus A (GVA) and grapevine trichovirus B (GVB) were successfully transferred with bulk transmission trials under controlled conditions, from infected grapevines to herbaceous hosts by Pseudococcus affinis MASK., a pseudococcid mealybug that may attack grapevines. P. affinis is the fourth mealybug species capable of vectoring GVA and GVB, confirming that transmission by mealybugs of grapevine trichoviruses may not be species-specific

A Quantum Yield Map for Synthetic Eumelanin

The quantum yield of synthetic eumelanin is known to be extremely low and it has recently been reported to be dependent on excitation wavelength. In this paper, we present quantum yield as a function of excitation wavelength between 250 and 500 nm, showing it to be a factor of 4 higher at 250 nm than at 500 nm. In addition, we present a definitive map of the steady-state fluorescence as a function of excitation and emission wavelengths, and significantly, a three-dimensional map of the specific quantum yield: the fraction of photons absorbed at each wavelength that are subsequently radiated at each emission wavelength. This map contains clear features, which we attribute to certain structural models, and shows that radiative emission and specific quantum yield are negligible at emission wavelengths outside the range of 585 and 385 nm (2.2 and 3.2 eV), regardless of excitation wavelength. This information is important in the context of understanding melanin biofunctionality, and the quantum molecular biophysics therein.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figure

PRADER-WILLI SYNDROME: ORAL FINDINGS

Aim: Prader-Willi syndrome is a rare multisystemic genetic disorder caused by lack of expression of certain paternal genes located on chromosome 15. The syndrome, associated to hypothalamic and pituitary disfunction, is characterized by severe neonatal hypotonia and feeding problems. Neonatal hypotonia is followed, during childhood by hyperphagia and obesity. In addition, hypothalamic alterations can cause intellectual disability, behavioral problems, a high pain threshold, respiratory sleep disorders. The aim of this work is to evaluate the main dental aspects and the therapeutic implications. Methods: an analysis of the literature was performed using databases. Results: common clinical findings: gingivitis and periodontitis, dental and skeletal malocclusions, enamel hypoplasia, tooth wear and dental erosion, bruxism, xerostomia, candidiasis and angular cheilitis, high risk of caries and increased DMFT score.The typical poor oral hygiene in PWS patients is related to qualitative-quantitative changes in saliva and incoordination in tooth brushing. Conclusion: it is necessary to motivate family and patient to maintain oral hygiene. Due to the various systemic and dental problems, a six-monthly follow-up is required since early childhood. Dental treatment purposes require a multidisciplinary approach which includes periodontal and conservative cares. In prosthetics, we suggest the use of removable dentures because of the difficulty in maintaining oral hygiene

Assessing the effect of tsunami-induced vertical loads on RC frames

The increasing number of people, structures and economic activities being exposed to tsunami hazards makes it important to estimate the effects of this hazard on coastal developments. Tsunami onshore flow generates significant loading on buildings and infrastructure, which can lead to structural failure. Literature works recently proposed a non-linear static analysis method, called Variable Depth Pushover (VDPO), for assessing the performance of buildings under the lateral pressures induced by a tsunami onshore flow. This methodology was developed under the assumption that the building is watertight. However, in the case of buildings with breakaway cladding (e.g., masonry infills), the water flow passing through the building induces vertical loads on horizontal structural members, due to uplift and buoyancy pressures, that should be considered during the analysis. Thus, to address this phenomenon, in this paper a numerical investigation is performed considering a combination of tsunami-induced horizontal and vertical loads on a case-study reinforced concrete (RC) moment-resisting frame with breakaway infills, typical of Mediterranean construction. The building model is subjected to a VDPO analysis that applies different types and sizes of vertical loading on the horizontal elements of the building, as the tsunami inundation depth increases. From the results of this analysis, the effects of tsunamiinduced vertical load components on the case-study building in terms of damage propagation and failure mode are discussed, and the significance of considering vertical loading is proven

Potential of remote sensing data to support the seismic safety assessment of reinforced concrete buildings affected by slow-moving landslides

Different forms of hazard can affect structures throughout their existence. The occurrence of a seismic event in areas exposed to different risks or already affected by other phenomena is highly likely, especially in countries characterized by high seismicity and equally high hydrogeological risk, as Italy. Nevertheless, the seismic safety assessment of reinforced concrete (RC) structures is commonly carried out considering the seismic action only, generally applied to an analytical model, neglecting the stress–strain state induced by previous ongoing phenomena. The aim of this work is to highlight the importance of the seismic safety assessment in a multi-hazard analysis, cumulating the action coming from two different hazards: landslide and earthquake. An existing RC building, located in an area affected by an intermittent landslide phenomenon with slow kinematics, that may also be subjected to strong earthquakes, is used as case study. The Differential Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (DInSAR) approach is used to monitor the evolution in time of the landslide. DInSAR deformation data are used to detect surface ground movements applied to building foundations. A non-linear static analysis procedure is implemented for the code-based seismic safety assessment, in two different scenarios. The seismic assessment of the case-study building is implemented in a condition of structure deformed only for gravity loads, and, then, in a state of known landslide-induced deformed configuration. A comparison is proposed between the building seismic safety assessment performed in both cases, with or without the consideration of the landslide-induced displacements, showing the importance of a multi-hazard evaluation

Noninvasive Ultrasound Monitoring of Embryonic and Fetal Development in Chinchilla lanigera to Predict Gestational Age: Preliminary Evaluation of This Species as a Novel Animal Model of Human Pregnancy

Ultrasound is a noninvasive routine method that allows real-time monitoring of fetal development in utero to determine gestational age and to detect congenital anomalies and multiple pregnancies. To date, the developmental biology of Chinchilla lanigera has not yet been characterized. This species has been found to undergo placentation, long gestation, and fetal dimensions similar to those in humans. The aim of this study was to assess the use of high-frequency ultrasound (HFUS) and clinical ultrasound (US) to predict gestational age in chinchillas and evaluate the possibility of this species as a new animal model for the study of human pregnancy. In this study, 35 pregnant females and a total of 74 embryos and fetuses were monitored. Ultrasound examination was feasible in almost all chinchilla subjects. It was possible to monitor the chinchilla embryo with HFUS from embryonic day (E) 15 to 60 and with US from E15 to E115 due to fetus dimensions. The placenta could be visualized and measured with HFUS from E15, but not with US until E30. From E30, the heartbeat became detectable and it was possible to measure fetal biometrics. In the late stages of pregnancy, stomach, eyes, and lenses became visible. Our study demonstrated the importance of employing both techniques while monitoring embryonic and fetal development to obtain an overall and detailed view of all structures and to recognize any malformation at an early stage. Pregnancy in chinchillas can be confirmed as early as the 15th day postmating, and sonographic changes and gestational age are well correlated. The quantitative measurements of fetal and placental growth performed in this study could be useful in setting up a database for comparison with human fetal ultrasounds. We speculate that, in the future, the chinchilla could be used as an animal model for the study of US in human pregnancy

Understanding the mechanisms of lung mechanical stress

Physical forces affect both the function and phenotype of cells in the lung. Bronchial, alveolar, and other parenchymal cells, as well as fibroblasts and macrophages, are normally subjected to a variety of passive and active mechanical forces associated with lung inflation and vascular perfusion as a result of the dynamic nature of lung function. These forces include changes in stress (force per unit area) or strain (any forced change in length in relation to the initial length) and shear stress (the stress component parallel to a given surface). The responses of cells to mechanical forces are the result of the cell's ability to sense and transduce these stimuli into intracellular signaling pathways able to communicate the information to its interior. This review will focus on the modulation of intracellular pathways by lung mechanical forces and the intercellular signaling. A better understanding of the mechanisms by which lung cells transduce physical forces into biochemical and biological signals is of key importance for identifying targets for the treatment and prevention of physical force-related disorders

Axial Compression Tests on Rubble Stone Masonry Reproducing Opus Incertum of Ancient Pompeii

In order to investigate the mechanical behaviour of the typical ancient rubble stone masonry type at the archaeological Pompeii site, an experimental program was carried out on masonry panels realized with the aim of reproducing the ancient technique opus incertum. Three panels (1.20m x 1.20m x 0.45m) were realized by using original rock units from ruins emerged in the excavation works at Regio V at the site and pozzolanic lime-based mortar realized according to the traditional technique. The first phase of the experimental program involved the accurate reproduction of Pompeii-like masonry panels and the execution of sonic pulse velocity tests to be compared with those carried out on original structures at the site. Thus, three in-situ diagonal compression tests were carried out to derive masonry shear strength and relevant correlation with sonic velocities. The last phase of the experimental program focuses on laboratory axial compression tests on five specimens extracted from the three panels analyzed in the first phase and is herein described in detail. The results of axial compression tests on two of such specimens in terms of axial compression strength and elastic modulus as well as the analysis of the crack pattern and failure mode is herein presented and discussed

Expression of CLAVATA3 fusions indicates rapid intracellular processing and a role of ERAD

The 12 amino acid peptide derived from the Arabidopsis soluble secretory protein CLAVATA3 (CLV3) acts at the cell surface in a signalling system that regulates the size of apical meristems. The subcellular pathway involved in releasing the peptide from its precursor is unknown. We show that a CLV3-GFP fusion expressed in transfected tobacco protoplasts or transgenic tobacco plants has very short intracellular half-life that cannot be extended by the secretory traffic inhibitors brefeldin A and wortmannin. The fusion is biologically active, since the incubation medium of protoplasts from CLV3-GFP-expressing tobacco contains the CLV3 peptide and inhibits root growth. The rapid disappearance of intact CLV3-GFP requires the signal peptide and is inhibited by the proteasome inhibitor MG132 or coexpression with a mutated CDC48 that inhibits endoplasmic reticulum-associated protein degradation (ERAD). The synthesis of CLV3-GFP is specifically supported by the endoplasmic reticulum cha- perone endoplasmin in an in vivo assay. Our results indicate that processing of CLV3 starts intracellularly in an early compartment of the secretory pathway and that ERAD could play a regulatory or direct role in the active peptide synthesis