289 research outputs found

    Legal certainty of legality principle in the legislation of the continental and anglo-american system

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    In this article, through the comparative legal analysis of domestic, as well as foreign constitutional and criminal law norm content, various approaches to the principle of legality and its main features were examine

    The subject of crime: the problem of establishing age limits of criminal responsibility

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    This article presents the authors’ analysis of the problem of determining the subject of a crime as a legal concept, and defining the legal characteristics of a person who has committed a crime by features that are necessary for criminal responsibility (individual, age, and responsibility

    Indication for the coexistence of closed orbit and quantum interferometer with the same cross section in the organic metal (ET)4(H3O)[Fe(C2O4)3].C6H4Cl2: Persistence of SdH oscillations above 30 K

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    Shubnikov-de Haas (SdH) and de Haas-van Alphen (dHvA) oscillations spectra of the quasi-two dimensional charge transfer salt β\beta"-(ET)4_4(H3_3O)[Fe(C2_2O4_4)3_3]\cdotC6_6H4_4Cl2_2 have been investigated in pulsed magnetic fields up to 54 T. The data reveal three basic frequencies Fa_a, Fb_b and Fba_{b - a}, which can be interpreted on the basis of three compensated closed orbits at low temperature. However a very weak thermal damping of the Fourier component Fb_b, with the highest amplitude, is evidenced for SdH spectra above about 6 K. As a result, magnetoresistance oscillations are observed at temperatures higher than 30 K. This feature, which is not observed for dHvA oscillations, is in line with quantum interference, pointing to a Fermi surface reconstruction in this compound.Comment: published in Eur. Phys. J. B 71 203 (2009

    Tissue Effects in a Randomized Controlled Trial of Short-term Finasteride in Early Prostate Cancer.

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    BackgroundIn the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial, finasteride selectively suppressed low-grade prostate cancer and significantly reduced the incidence of prostate cancer in men treated with finasteride compared with placebo. However, an apparent increase in high-grade disease was also observed among men randomized to finasteride. We aimed to determine why and hypothesized that there is a grade-dependent response to finasteride.MethodsFrom 2007 to 2012, we randomized dynamically by intranet-accessible software 183 men with localized prostate cancer to receive 5mg finasteride or placebo daily in a double-blind study during the 4-6weeks preceding prostatectomy. As the primary end point, the expression of a predefined molecular signature (ERβ, UBE2C, SRD5A2, and VEGF) differentiating high- and low-grade tumors in Gleason grade (GG) 3 areas of finasteride-exposed tumors from those in GG3 areas of placebo-exposed tumors, adjusted for Gleason score (GS) at prostatectomy, was compared. We also determined androgen receptor (AR) levels, Ki-67, and cleaved caspase 3 to evaluate the effects of finasteride on the expression of its downstream target, cell proliferation, and apoptosis, respectively. The expression of these markers was also compared across grades between and within treatment groups. Logistic regression was used to assess the expression of markers.FindingsWe found that the predetermined molecular signature did not distinguish GG3 from GG4 areas in the placebo group. However, AR expression was significantly lower in the GG4 areas of the finasteride group than in those of the placebo group. Within the finasteride group, AR expression was also lower in GG4 than in GG3 areas, but not significantly. Expression of cleaved caspase 3 was significantly increased in both GG3 and GG4 areas in the finasteride group compared to the placebo group, although it was lower in GG4 than in GG3 areas in both groups.InterpretationWe showed that finasteride's effect on apoptosis and AR expression is tumor grade dependent after short-term intervention. This may explain finasteride's selective suppression of low-grade tumors observed in the PCPT

    Interhemispheric asymmetry profile and cognitive functions in adolescents with average and high intelligence

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    Background. The neuropsychological approach suggests that differences in cognitive processes are associated with the variability of combinations of signs of partial dominance of certain brain structures, manifested in the form of individual laterality profiles. However, the problem of identifying and studying the relationship between interhemispheric asymmetry and cognitive functions in adolescents with a high level of intelligence remains not fully resolved, which determines the relevance of this study.The aim of the research was to describe the relationship between the type of profile of interhemispheric asymmetry with the characteristics of cognitive functions in adolescents with average and high levels of intelligence.Materials and methods. The sample included 52 people aged 12–15 years: 26 adolescents with high level intelligence (main group), 26 adolescents with an average level of intelligence (control group). The following research methods were used: Wechsler test (WISC-IV), method for studying the profile of interhemispheric asymmetry (Khomskaya E.D., Efimova I.V.); method “Correction test” by B. Bourdon; method ”Story on a given topic”.Results. The majority of adolescents with a high level of intelligence revealed the severity of right-lateral features, which were traced in the manual, auditory and visual spheres of sensorimotor asymmetry. At the same time, the severity of right-lateral and ambilateral features is accompanied by more pronounced indicators of the development of cognitive functions. Adolescents with the type of profile of interhemispheric asymmetry “Left-handed” were characterized by an insufficient level of attention stability and a reduced ability for detailed speech utterance, regardless of the level of intelligence.Conclusions. The data obtained show that the peculiarity of individual profiles of interhemispheric asymmetry determines the uneven development of a number of mental functions in adolescence and the different readiness of brain mechanisms to support various cognitive processes. We assume that the results of the work will expand the understanding of the role of interhemispheric asymmetry of the brain in the organization of cognitive functions in adolescents with a high level of intelligence

    Integral evaluation of hematological indicators in community-acquired pneumonia in children of different ages

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    Community-acquired pneumonia is a serious problem in pediatric practice. It would be interesting to use an integral evaluation of hematological indicators in diagnosis verification, which can help to determine not only patient's condition severity, but also to predict the risk of infectious process complications as well as to assess the effectiveness of therapy. The purpose of our study was to investigate the variability and clinical significance of blood count and basic leukocyte indices in case of community-acquired pneumonia in children of different ages. Materials and methods. Blood counts of 238 children between the ages of 1 and 18 years with community-acquired pneumonia were retrospectively analyzed. The main clinical signs and blood count parameters were evaluated using standard laboratory techniques, as well as the main leukocyte indices were calculated: neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), absolute lymphocyte count (ALC), leukocyte index of intoxication by Ya. Ya. Kalf-Kalif formula (LII). Results. The differences in both the disease clinical manifestations and hematological changes in children of different age groups were detected. Thus, in young children, the disease debut was characterized by a significant severity of the condition and a viral trigger factor prevailed. In adolescent, the trigger factor was bacterial and debut of the disease was characterized by a severe intoxication. The revealed peculiarities were confirmed by hematological criteria and calculation of the corresponding leukocyte indices. Conclusions. The calculation of hematological indices is an informative method assessing the condition in children of different ages with community-acquired pneumonia that should be further considered when choosing the type and amount of therapy

    Reduction Operators of Linear Second-Order Parabolic Equations

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    The reduction operators, i.e., the operators of nonclassical (conditional) symmetry, of (1+1)-dimensional second order linear parabolic partial differential equations and all the possible reductions of these equations to ordinary differential ones are exhaustively described. This problem proves to be equivalent, in some sense, to solving the initial equations. The ``no-go'' result is extended to the investigation of point transformations (admissible transformations, equivalence transformations, Lie symmetries) and Lie reductions of the determining equations for the nonclassical symmetries. Transformations linearizing the determining equations are obtained in the general case and under different additional constraints. A nontrivial example illustrating applications of reduction operators to finding exact solutions of equations from the class under consideration is presented. An observed connection between reduction operators and Darboux transformations is discussed.Comment: 31 pages, minor misprints are correcte

    Hypoxia-induced factor-1α and markers of inflammation in patients with ischemic stroke

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    Ischemic stroke (IS) occurs as a result of local disturbance of hemocirculation and hypoxia in the brain tissue. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), which is involved in the regulation of tissue oxygen levels, plays an important role in the pathophysiology of stroke, including neuronal survival, neuroinflammation, angiogenesis, glucose metabolism, blood-brain barrier permeability, and is important in IS outcomes. The purpose of the study was to determine the relationship between blood levels of HIF-1α and the degree of neurological deficit in the acute period of IS and the outcome of the disease. We examined 58 people with IS aged 73 (67-81) years. Patients were divided into two groups – discharged and dead. The severity of stroke (NIHSS), neurological deficit, comorbidity index, blood levels of HIF-1α, p53 protein, interleukin-6, cystatin C, CRP, creatinine, hematological parameters were determined at admission, on days 3 and 10 of the disease. At admission the blood levels of HIF-1α was lower than in the comparison group and remained reduced until the 10th day. On day 10 the association of HIF-1α with neurological deficit, comorbidity index and disease outcome was determined. We observed a feedback of HIF-1α with the content of erythrocytes, hemoglobin and hematocrit, which can be regarded as a reflection of the hemic component of mixed hypoxia. In dead patients, an increased blood level of cystatin C was detected, which was associated with HIF-1α concentrations. In all periods of observation of IS, a correlation between cystatin C and creatinine and CRP levels was noted. These results may indicate dysfunction of endotheliocytes, inflammation associated with hypoxia in IS. The prognostic significance of the blood level of HIF-1α on the 10th day for the outcome of IS was AUC = 0.900. Blood levels of HIF-1α in the acute period was associated with the severity of IS and the outcome of the disease

    The significant other in professional path planning and readiness for scientific activity: The case of Russian students and postgraduates

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    Introduction. The formation of professional plans by student youth is going on under the influence of significant others. The circle of significant others is suffering profound transformations in the conditions of changing cyber-technological paradigm, overflowing traditional family circle, friends, school masters (mentors), and needs clarification. The orientation and intensity of the impact of significant others on the modern educated youth’s professional planning are not sufficiently studied. Solving the task of staff renewal in the Russian scientific sphere shows the necessity to reveal the roles of significant others in Russian students’ and postgraduates’ readiness to build a scientific career. Aim. In this research, the significant other is a really existing or imaginary person, who significantly influences student professional path planning, when a student identifies himself/herself with the significant other. The present research aims to reveal significant others, who influence professional plans of Russian students and postgraduates, and to establish the nature of its impact; to elicit the role of significant others in the students’ and postgraduates’ readiness to build a scientific career. Methodology and research methods. A three-part questionnaire was applied to collect data. In the first part, general information about the respondents was collected. The second part included three stages, which allowed the authors to identify three significant others, who influenced the respondents’ professional plans, as well as to discover the nature of this influence. In the third part, the respondents reported about their readiness to build a scientific career. Primary data processing was carried out with the help of content-analysis. Secondary data processing involved descriptive statistics methods, non-parametric Pearson test, χ2, qualitative analysis. 1026 young people aged from 17 to 35, whose average age was 21, took part in the investigation. There were 951 students and 75 postgraduates from 10 Russian universities. Results. It was established that significant others influence the respondents’ professional plans positively, neutrally and negatively. The positive impact prevails sharply over the neutral and negative ones. Over one-third of the students and postgraduates find it difficult to identify significant others. Among the significant others, there are both real people, who live now or have lived in the past, and imaginary characters. The real significant others can be subdivided into two groups: distant and close community. The role of significant other from distant community predominates over the influence of close community representatives. Scientific novelty. The authors designed the empirical model of significant others influencing the professional path planning. It was revealed that the students and postgraduates, who are not ready to become scientists, less often plan their professional paths under the influence of significant others from scientists and discoverers, than the other respondents. The hierarchical structures of students’ and postgraduates’ significant others have different readiness levels (from five to seven) to build a scientific career and have various component composition. In addition, a higher rank of scientists and discoverers as significant others in the sampling of future scientists should be noted. Practical significance. The obtained results, which deepen the understanding of the mechanism of professional identification and career decision-making, can be used in the practice of professional orientation and career counselling for young people. Since most students and postgraduates have difficulties in building professional plans or identify themselves with fictional characters or people involved in the public spheres like culture, art and mass media, the right choice of content and channels of professional propaganda can encourage young people to get a higher education and choose educational areas that are socially significant for the country.Введение. Формирование профессиональных планов учащейся молодежи происходит под влиянием значимых Других, состав которых в условиях изменения информационно-технологической парадигмы претерпевает серьезные трансформации, выходя за границы традиционно очерченного круга семьи, друзей, школьных учителей (наставников), и нуждается в уточнении. Недостаточно изучены направленность и интенсивность влияния значимых Других на профессиональные планы современной молодежи, обучающейся в вузах. Решение задачи кадрового возобновления научной сферы страны указывает на необходимость выявления роли значимых Других в готовности российских студентов и аспирантов к построению карьеры ученых. Цель. В контексте данного исследования значимым Другим выступает реально существующий или вымышленный (придуманный) субъект, оказавший посредством идентификации с ним важное влияние на построение профессиональных планов молодежи, обучающейся в вузе. Перед проведением исследования были поставлены две цели: выявить значимых Других, влияющих на профессиональные планы студентов и аспирантов российских вузов, и установить характер этого воздействия; определить роль значимых Других в готовности к построению научной карьеры студентами и аспирантами. Методология, методы и методики. Для сбора данных использовался опрос, который включал три части. В первой части собирались общие сведения о респондентах. Вторая часть включала три этапа, которые позволили выявить трех значимых Других, повлиявших на профессиональные планы респондентов, а также установить характер этого воздействия. В ходе третьей части респонденты сообщали о своей готовности к построению научной карьеры. Для первичной обработки применялся контент-анализ. Для вторичной обработки данных применялись методы описательной статистики, непараметрический критерий χ2 Пирсона, качественный анализ. В исследовании приняли участие 1026 молодых людей, средний возраст которых составил 21 год. Среди респондентов 951 студент и 75 аспирантов, обучающихся в 10 российских вузах. Результаты. По своей направленности на профессиональные планы респондентов значимые Другие оказывают положительное, нейтральное и отрицательное влияние. Положительное воздействие резко преобладает над нейтральной и отрицательной направленностью. Свыше трети студентов и аспирантов затрудняются в определении значимых Других. В число значимых Других входят как реально жившие или ныне живущие люди, так и вымышленные (придуманные) персонажи. Реальные значимые Другие могут быть разделены на две группы: дальнего и ближнего окружения. Роль значимого Другого из дальнего окружения преобладает над влиянием представителей ближнего круга. Научная новизна. Разработана эмпирическая модель влияющих на планирование профессионального пути значимых Других. Установлено, что респонденты, не готовые к построению научной карьеры, реже других студентов и аспирантов планируют свой профессиональный путь под влиянием значимых Других из числа ученых и первооткрывателей. Иерархические структуры значимых Других студентов и аспирантов, различающихся по готовности к построению научной карьеры, имеют разный компонентный состав, включают от пяти до семи уровней. Кроме того, следует отметить более высокий ранг ученых и первооткрывателей в качестве значимых Других в выборке будущих ученых. Практическая значимость. Полученные результаты, углубляющие понимание механизма профессиональной идентификации и принятия карьерных решений, могут быть использованы в практике профессиональной ориентации и карьерного консультирования молодежи. Поскольку большинство студентов и аспирантов при построении профессиональных планов испытывают трудности или идентифицируют себя с вымышленными персонажами, деятелями искусства и массмедиа, то правильный выбор содержания и каналов профпропаганды может обеспечить привлечение молодежи в вузы на социально значимые для страны направления подготовки .Исследование выполнено при поддержке Программы стратегического академического лидерства «Приоритет 2030» Министерства науки и высшего образования Российcкой Федерации. Авторы благодарят за консультационную поддержку Т. А. Нестика, д. пс. н., проф. РАН, зав. лабораторией социальной и экономической психологии Института психологии РАН.The research was supported by Federal Academic Leadership Programme “Priority 2030” of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation. The authors are grateful for the consulting support to T. A. Nestik, Dr. Sci. (Psychology), Professor of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Head of the Laboratory of Social and Economic Psychology of the Institute of Psychology of the Russian Academy of Sciences
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