Evolution of a Nation after a Dictatorship: How Law, Politics and Society of the 1973 Dictatorship in Uruguay and of the Subsequent Return of Democracy in 1985, Potentially Helped Evolve the Nation of Today.

In 1973, Uruguay’s president authored a coup d’état with the military and changed the history and fabric of Uruguay. Once democracy returned to Uruguay in 1985, it was a chance to see if an evolution of the law, politics and society would occur. This thesis aims to analyze and understand the patterns of change and de-evolution or evolution that happened during the dictatorship and then over the last 30 years. I break down the process of changes that happened legally and politically, how the dictatorship and its leaders used law to destroy rule of law, and how society changed. This thesis assesses the multiple historical aspects and points of view of what happened during the dictatorship, and what happened from 1985 until today. Finally, I presents an alternate approach to the potential evolution that Uruguay underwent by looking at the correlation of dictatorship and memory

Effects of Replacing Dry-rolled Corn with Increasing Levels of Corn Dried Distillers Grains with Solubles on Characteristics of Digestion, Microbial Protein Synthesis and Digestible Energy of Diet in Hair Lambs Fed High-concentrate Diets.

Four male lambs (Katahdin; average live weight 25.9±2.9 kg) with "T" type cannulas in the rumen and proximal duodenum were used in a 4×4 Latin square experiment to evaluate the influence of supplemental dry distillers grain with solubles (DDGS) levels (0, 10, 20 and 30%, dry matter basis) in substitution for dry-rolled (DR) corn on characteristics of digestive function and digestible energy (DE) of diet. Treatments did not influence ruminal pH. Substitution of DR corn with DDGS increased ruminal neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestion (quadratic effect, p<0.01), but decreased ruminal organic matter (OM) digestion (linear effect, p<0.01). Replacing corn with DDGS increased (linear, p≤0.02) duodenal flow of lipids, NDF and feed N. But there were no treatment effects on flow to the small intestine of microbial nitrogen (MN) or microbial N efficiency. The estimated UIP value of DDGS was 44%. Postruminal digestion of OM, starch, lipids and nitrogen (N) were not affected by treatments. Total tract digestion of N increased (linear, p = 0.04) as the DDGS level increased, but DDGS substitution tended to decrease total tract digestion of OM (p = 0.06) and digestion of gross energy (p = 0.08). However, it did not affect the dietary digestible energy (DE, MJ/kg), reflecting the greater gross energy content of DDGS versus DR corn in the replacements. The comparative DE value of DDGS may be considered similar to the DE value of the DR corn it replaced up to 30% in the finishing diets fed to lambs

Caracterización de los áridos del río dos mangas y cantera del cerro el tablazo de la provincia de Santa Elena para utilizarlo como material de construcción

The work that is presented in this project contains information about the arids extracted from the quarry of the hill El Tablazo, located in Santa Elena City, and the Dos Mangas river, located in Manglaralto , the same that are used in several works of civil engineering in all the province of Santa Elena, such as bases, sub bases of roads, landfills, improvement of soils for foundations, breakwaters and manufacture of concretes and mortars. Also there is a study of the classifications of these materials, procedure that must be accomplished and applications in the field of construction. The materials extracted from the locations previously mentioned were submitted to laboratory test programs in order to determinate their properties and physic and mechanical characteristics and then establish if they are suitable for use it in the construction of sub bases of roads and landfills evaluating them according the specifications MOP - 001F - 2002

Bem comum e democracia liberal: uma análise da compatibilidade em torno da teoria de Dominique Philippe

The conflict between the common good and liberal democracy may or may not exist depending on the meaning attributed to these concepts. Historically, the realization of the common good has been a matter of interest to political thinkers. Moreover, this term has been included in the legal systems of states with a liberal-democratic tendency. This essay therefore harmonizes these concepts and explains how they can be compatible, with an emphasis on Dominique Philippe's theory of the common good. First, there is a theoretical reconstruction of liberal-democratic thought. Next, a historical account of the common good is made, identifying the main philosophical positions that have influenced its understanding at certain stages. Then, Dominique Philippe's understanding of the common good is presented. Finally, the compatibility of the philosopher's position on a liberal democracy is examined.El conflicto entre bien común y democracia liberal podría existir o no dependiendo del significado que se atribuya a dichos conceptos. Históricamente, la realización del bien común ha sido un tema de interés para pensadores políticos. Además, este término ha sido incluido en ordenamientos jurídicos de Estados de tendencia liberal-democrática. Por ello, en este ensayo se analizan dichos conceptos y se expone en qué manera pueden ser compatibles, con un énfasis en la teoría de Dominique Philippe sobre el bien común. Primero, se hace una reconstrucción teórica del pensamiento democrático-liberal. Luego, se realiza un recuento histórico del bien común, identificando las principales posturas filosóficas que han influenciado en su comprensión en determinadas etapas. Posteriormente, se expone la posición de Dominique Philippe acerca del bien común. Por último, se examina la compatibilidad de la postura del filósofo respecto de una democracia liberal.O conflito entre o bem comum e a democracia liberal pode ou não existir dependendo do significado atribuído a esses conceitos. Historicamente, a realização do bem comum tem sido uma questão de interesse para pensadores políticos. Além disso, esse termo foi incluído nos ordenamentos jurídicos dos estados com tendência liberal-democrática. Este ensaio, portanto, harmoniza esses conceitos e explica como eles podem ser compatíveis, com ênfase na teoria do bem comum de Dominique Philippe. Primeiro, há uma reconstrução teórica do pensamento liberal-democrático. Em seguida, é feito um relato histórico do bem comum, identificando as principais posições filosóficas que influenciaram sua compreensão em determinadas etapas. Em seguida, é apresentada a compreensão de Dominique Philippe sobre o bem comum. Por fim, examina-se a compatibilidade da posição do filósofo com uma democracia liberal

Protocol for studying cough frequency in people with pulmonary tuberculosis.

INTRODUCTION: Cough is a key symptom of tuberculosis (TB) as well as the main cause of transmission. However, a recent literature review found that cough frequency (number of coughs per hour) in patients with TB has only been studied once, in 1969. The main aim of this study is to describe cough frequency patterns before and after the start of TB treatment and to determine baseline factors that affect cough frequency in these patients. Secondarily, we will evaluate the correlation between cough frequency and TB microbiological resolution. METHODS: This study will select participants with culture confirmed TB from 2 tertiary hospitals in Lima, Peru. We estimated that a sample size of 107 patients was sufficient to detect clinically significant changes in cough frequency. Participants will initially be evaluated through questionnaires, radiology, microscopic observation drug susceptibility broth TB-culture, auramine smear microscopy and cough recordings. This cohort will be followed for the initial 60 days of anti-TB treatment, and throughout the study several microbiological samples as well as 24 h recordings will be collected. We will describe the variability of cough episodes and determine its association with baseline laboratory parameters of pulmonary TB. In addition, we will analyse the reduction of cough frequency in predicting TB cure, adjusted for potential confounders. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: Ethical approval has been obtained from the ethics committees at each participating hospital in Lima, Peru, Asociación Benéfica PRISMA in Lima, Peru, the Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia in Lima, Peru and Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, USA. We aim to publish and disseminate our findings in peer-reviewed journals. We also expect to create and maintain an online repository for TB cough sounds as well as the statistical analysis employed

Un nuevo esquema iterativo robusto y eficiente para un problema parabólico no lineal degenerado.

The flow of water through the soil is modeled mathematically by the Richards equation. This doubly degenerate nonlinear equation is difficult to solve, even more nonlinearity and degeneration make the design of numerical schemes for this problem a challenging task. According to the literature, the implicit methods are the ones that give the best results since the schemes obtained allow to simulate the degenerate problem, however these produce nonlinear problems that must be solved by means of linearization methods. In this investigation a new numerical scheme of linearization of the Richards equation is developed. A totally implicit Euler scheme is used to discretize time and finite elements to discretize space, however, these schemes should work for any spatial discretization chosen. A more robust and faster scheme was achieved (in terms of number of iterations and total machine time used) than those already existing.El flujo de agua a través del suelo esta modelado matemáticamente por la ecuación de Richards. Esta ecuación doblemente no lineal degenerada, es difícil de resolver, más aun  la no linealidad y la degeneración hacen que el diseño de esquemas numéricos para este problema sea una tarea desafiante.  Según la literatura los métodos implícitos son los que dan mejores resultados ya que los esquemas obtenidos permiten simular el problema degenerado sin embargo estos producen problemas no lineales que deben ser resueltos mediante métodos de linealización.En esta investigación se desarrolla un nuevo esquema numérico de linealización de la ecuación de Richards. Se usa un esquema de Euler totalmente implícito para discretizar el tiempo y elementos finitos para discretizar el espacio, sin embargo, estos esquemas deberían funcionar para cualesquier discretización espacial escogida. Se consiguió un esquema mas robusto y más rápido (en lo que a número de iteraciones y tiempo total de máquina empleado se refiere) que los ya existentes

Novel Kazal-type Protease inhibitors from the skin secretion of the Splendid leaf frog, Cruziohyla calcarifer

Peptidase inhibitors have an important role controlling a variety of biological processes. Here, we employed a peptidomic approach including molecular cloning, tandem mass spectrometry and enzymatic assays to reveal 7 Kazal-type proteinase inhibitors (CCKPs) (18 variants) in the skin secretion of the unexplored frog, Cruziohyla calcarifer. All 18 proteins shared the Kazal pattern C-X(7)-C-X(6,7)-C-X(6,7)-Y-X(3)-C-X(2)-C-X(15-21)-C and 3 disulphide bridges. Based on structural comparative analysis, we deemed trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitory activity in CCKP-1, 4 and CCKP 2, 5, 7, respectively. These peptidase inhibitors presumably play a role to control the balance between other functional peptides produced in the amphibian skin secretions

Effect of preterm birth on growth and blood pressure in adulthood in the Pelotas 1993 cohort

BACKGROUND: Preterm birth has been associated with increased risk of hypertension and cardiovascular disease later in adulthood, attributed to cardiovascular and metabolic alterations in early life. However, there is paucity of evidence from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). METHODS: We investigated the differences between preterm (<37 weeks gestational age) and term-born individuals in birth length and weight as well as adult (18 and 20 years) height, weight and blood pressure in the Brazilian 1993 Pelotas birth cohort using linear regressions. Analyses were adjusted for the maternal weight at the beginning of pregnancy and maternal education and family income at childbirth. Additional models were adjusted for body mass index (BMI) and birthweight. Separate analyses were run for males and females. The complete sample was analysed with an interaction term for sex. RESULTS: Of the 3585 babies included at birth, 3010 were followed up in adulthood at 22 years. Preterm participants had lower length and weight at birth. This difference remained for male participants in adulthood, but female participants were no shorter than their term counterparts by 18 years of age. At 22 years, females born preterm had lower blood pressures (systolic blood pressure -1.00 mmHg, 95%CI -2.7, 0.7 mmHg; diastolic blood pressure -1.1 mmHg, 95%CI -2.4, 0.3 mmHg) than females born at term. These differences were not found in male participants. CONCLUSIONS: In this Brazilian cohort we found contrasting results regarding the association of preterm birth with blood pressure in young adulthood, which may be unique to an LMIC

A Cross-Sectional Study of People with Epilepsy and Neurocysticercosis in Tanzania: Clinical Characteristics and Diagnostic Approaches.

Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is a major cause of epilepsy in regions where pigs are free-ranging and hygiene is poor. Pork production is expected to increase in the next decade in sub-Saharan Africa, hence NCC will likely become more prevalent. In this study, people with epilepsy (PWE, n=212) were followed up 28.6 months after diagnosis of epilepsy. CT scans were performed, and serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of selected PWE were analysed. We compared the demographic data, clinical characteristics, and associated risk factors of PWE with and without NCC. PWE with NCC (n=35) were more likely to be older at first seizure (24.3 vs. 16.3 years, p=0.097), consumed more pork (97.1% vs. 73.6%, p=0.001), and were more often a member of the Iraqw tribe (94.3% vs. 67.8%, p=0.005) than PWE without NCC (n=177). PWE and NCC who were compliant with anti-epileptic medications had a significantly higher reduction of seizures (98.6% vs. 89.2%, p=0.046). Other characteristics such as gender, seizure frequency, compliance, past medical history, close contact with pigs, use of latrines and family history of seizures did not differ significantly between the two groups. The number of NCC lesions and active NCC lesions were significantly associated with a positive antibody result. The electroimmunotransfer blot, developed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, was more sensitive than a commercial western blot, especially in PWE and cerebral calcifications. This is the first study to systematically compare the clinical characteristics of PWE due to NCC or other causes and to explore the utility of two different antibody tests for diagnosis of NCC in sub-Saharan Africa