Los manglares de Costa Rica: el Pacífico norte

Costa Rica tiene bosques de manglar en las costas Caribe y Pacífica. El 99% de los manglares del país se encuentran en la costa Pacífica. En este trabajo recopilamos la información disponible sobre los manglares del Pacífico norte de Costa Rica, desde la frontera con Nicaragua hasta la Reserva Absoluta de Cabo Blanco, en la punta sur de la Península de Nicoya. La ubicación de los manglares y cualquier información disponible para cada manglar es resumida. El clima de esta región es seco con estaciones de lluvia y sequía muy bien definidas. Los manglares del norte son relativamente pequeños en extensión y tamaño de árboles, y de baja diversidad comparados con los del Pacífico sur de Costa Rica. Las principales especies de mangle son: Rhizophora mangle, Rhizophora racemosa a lo largo de los bordes de los canales, seguido por Avicennia germinans, y más tierra adentro Avicennia bicolor, Laguncularia racemosa y Conocarpus erectus. En el manglar de Potrero Grande se informa de una población saludable de la especie de Pelliciera rhizophorae, especies muy poco abundante. Reconocemos 38 comunidades de manglares en el Pacífico norte de Costa Rica basado en el Inventario Nacional de Humedales, artículos publicados, observaciones de campo, tesis, informes técnicos y los mapas 1: 50 000 del Instituto Geográfico Nacional. Se pudo encontrar información relativamente detallada pero fragmentada de únicamente cinco manglares (los descritos en esta publicación), de 14 solamente hay listas preliminares e incompletas de plantas y en algunos casos de animales, de nueve manglares más hay información todavía más limitada, y de otros nueve se conoce solamente su ubicación, que en algunos casos se comprobó que era incorrecta. Trabajos de mapeo detallado, caracterización de la vegetación y la fauna, estudios fisiológicos, análisis de procesos biogeoquímicos, evaluaciones económicas, y determinación del estado de salud de los manglares del Pacífico norte de Costa Rica, y del resto del país son necesarios y urgentes.Abstract: Costa Rica mangroves: the north Pacific. Costa Rica has mangrove forests on both the Caribbean and Pacific coasts. The Pacific side has 99% of the mangrove area of the country. In this review we compile available information on the mangroves of the north Pacific coast of Costa Rica, from Bahía Salinas, on the border with Nicaragua, to the tip of the Peninsula de Nicoya at Cabo Blanco. We provide information on the location of the mangroves and all available information for each mangrove forest. These mangrove communities are smaller in extension and tree sizes, and have lower diversity compared to the mangroves on the southern section of the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. The dominant species are Rhizophora mangle and Rhizophora racemosa along the canal edges, backed by Avicennia germinans, and farther inland Avicennia bicolor, Laguncularia racemosa and Conocarpus erectus. At Potrero Grande a healthy population of Pelliciera rhizophorae, a rare species, has been reported. We recognized 38 mangrove communities in this part of the country, based on the National Wetland Inventory, published papers, field observations, theses, technical reports, and the national topographic maps (1:50 000, Instituto Geográfico Nacional). Relatively detailed information could be found for only five mangrove forests, for 14 more only prelimary and incomplete lists of plants and in some cases of animal species are available, for nine there is even less information, and for nine more only their location is known, which in some cases was not correct. Detail mapping, characterization of the vegetation and fauna, physiological studies, analyses of biogeochemical and physical processes, economic valuations, and determination of the health status of the mangrove of the northern Pacific coast, as well as for the rest of Costa Rica, are neccesary and urgent. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (3): 473-488. Epub 2009 September 30

Supervivencia del Vibrio cholerae y V. parahaemolyticus en el ceviche

Se estudió la supervivencia de Vibrio cholerae y V. parahaemolyticus, en ceviche preparado con una formulación estandarizada en Costa Rica. Se inoculó el pescado troceado para obtener cargas aproximadas, de cada microorganismo por separado, de 103 y 106 UFC/g en el ceviche preparado. Las pruebas se realizaron en ceviche elaborado a partir del pescado contaminado e incubado a 4°C hasta su análisis. Las muestras se tomaron al tiempo cero y a diferentes intervalos, hasta por 24 h. En general, en todos los experimentos se observó un clara y acelerada tendencia de las poblaciones a decrecer con el tiempo, independientemente de la carga inicial inoculada. En ningún caso fue posible aislar los Vibrio después de 24h, utilizando la técnica de presencia ausencia en 10 g. Sin embargo, los resultados indican que ambas especies son capaces de sobrevivir en el ceviche al menos por 6 h en cantidades que dependen de la carga inoculada; siendo, el V. parahaemolyticus el que presenta la tasa de muerte más celeraldal, Por lo anterior, se concluye que el ceviche puede ser un riesgo potencial para la salud en relación con estos dos patógenos, y en especial con el V. cholerae, dependiendo, entre otros factores, del tiempo que tiene de preparado y la cantidad del producto que se ingiera. De acuerdo con los datos obtenidos no existe riesgo si el ceviche se consume luego de 24 h de preparado.UCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Facultad de Ciencias Agroalimentarias::Escuela de Tecnología de AlimentosUCR::Vicerrectoría de Docencia::Salud::Facultad de Microbiologí

Alouatta genotypes

This file contains ddRADseq genotype data at 6,415,368 sites for individuals sampled in the wild from the Alouatta palliata x Alouatta pigra hybrid zone and surrounding allopatric parental populations. We merged overlapping read pairs, aligned merged and unmerged reads to the Alouatta palliata genome assembly (PVK00000000) using BWA-MEM. We called variants using samtools mpileup and bcftools call, removed SNPs within 5bp of an indel and retained variants with a minimum quality score of 20

Monitoreo del manglar de Gandoca, Costa Rica (sitio CARICOMP)

El manglar de Gandoca, Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Gandoca-Manzanillo, Caribe de Costa Rica, se ha monitoreado desde 1999. La especie dominante es el mangle rojo Rhizophora mangle. El pico de productividad y producción de flores a lo largo de los años se dio en julio. La productividad del manglar disminuyó desde el 2001 y la temperatura del agua aparentemente aumentó. La biomasa (14 kg/m²) y densidad (9 árboles por 100 m²) en Gandoca son relativamente bajas comparados con otras manglares dentro del Programa CARICOMP, mientras que la productividad encontrada para julio en Costa Rica (4 g/m²/día) es intermedia, similar a lo que se encontró en la mayoría de los sitios CARICOMP.Monitoring of the mangrove forest at Gandoca, Costa Rica (CARICOMP site). The mangrove forest at Gandoca, Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Gandoca-Manzanillo, Caribbean coast of Costa Rica, has been monitored since 1999, following the CARICOMP protocol. The dominant species was the red mangrove, Rhizophora mangle. The peak of productivity and flowering was in July. The mangrove productivity decline from 2001 to 2004 while the temperature rised. Biomass (14 kg/m²) and density (9 trees/10 m²) in Gandoca were relatively low compared to other CARICOMP sites, while productivity in July in Costa Rica (4 g/m²/day) was intermediate, similar to most CARICOMP sites. Rev. Biol. Trop. 55 (1): 23-31. Epub 2007 March. 31

Monitoreo del manglar de Gandoca, Costa Rica (sitio CARICOMP)

El manglar de Gandoca, Refugio Nacional de Vida Silvestre Gandoca-Manzanillo, Caribe de Costa Rica, se ha monitoreado desde 1999. La especie dominante es el mangle rojo Rhizophora mangle. El pico de productividad y producción de flores a lo largo de los años se dio en julio. La productividad del manglar disminuyó desde el 2001 y la temperatura del agua aparentemente aumentó. La biomasa (14 kg/m2) y densidad (9 árboles por 100 m2) en Gandoca son relativamente bajas comparados con otras manglares dentro del Programa CARICOMP, mientras que la productividad encontrada para julio en Costa Rica (4 g/m2/día) es intermedia, similar a lo que se encontró en la mayoría de los sitios CARICOMP

Multiple forms of selection shape reproductive isolation in a primate hybrid zone

Speciation occurs when populations diverge and become reproductively isolated from each other. Natural selection is commonly accepted to play a large role in this process, and it has been widely assumed that reproductive isolation often results as a byâ product of divergence driven by adaptation in allopatry. When such populations come into secondary contact, reinforcement can act to strengthen reproductive isolation, but the frequency and importance of this process are still unknown. Here, we explored genomic signatures of selection in allopatry and sympatry for loci associated with reproductive isolation using a natural primate hybrid zone. By analysing reducedâ representation sequencing data, we quantified admixture and population structure across a howler monkey hybrid zone and examined the relationship between locusâ specific differentiation and introgression. We detected extensive admixture that was mostly limited to the narrow contact zone. Loci with reduced introgression into the heterospecific genomic background (the pattern expected for loci associated with reproductive isolation due to selection against hybrids) were significantly more differentiated between allopatric parental populations than loci with neutral and increased introgression, supporting the hypothesis that reproductive isolation is a byâ product of divergence in allopatry. Further, loci with reduced introgression showed greater differentiation in sympatry than in allopatry, suggesting a role for reinforcement. Thus, our results reflect multiple forms of selection that have shaped reproductive isolation in this system. We conclude that reproductive isolation may have initially been driven by divergence in allopatry, but later reinforced by divergent selection in sympatry.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/149206/1/mec14966.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/149206/2/mec14966_am.pd

Valorar el manejo terapéutico de la hipertensión arterial en la etapa gestacional de mujeres atendidas en el Centro de Salud Perla María Norori en el año 2003

Tesis (Lic. en Farmacia y Química)-Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Nicaragua, LeónUNAN-Leó

Galectin-8 promotes migration and proliferation and prevents apoptosis in U87 glioblastoma cells

BACKGROUND: Glioblastoma is one of the most aggressive cancers of the brain. Malignant traits of glioblastoma cells include elevated migration, proliferation and survival capabilities. Galectins are unconventionally secreted glycan-binding proteins that modulate processes of cell adhesion, migration, proliferation and apoptosis by interacting with beta-galactosides of cell surface glycoproteins and the extracellular matrix. Galectin-8 is one of the galectins highly expressed in glioblastoma cells. It has a unique selectivity for terminally sialylated glycans recently found enhanced in these highly malignant cells. A previous study in glioblastoma cell lines reported that Gal-8 coating a plastic surface stimulates two-dimensional motility. Because in other cells Gal-8 arrests proliferation and induces apoptosis, here we extend its study by analyzing all of these processes in a U87 glioblastoma cell mode.l METHODS: We used immunoblot and RT-PCR for Gal-8 expression analysis, recombinant Gal-8 produced in a bacteria system for Gal-8 treatment of the cells, and shRNA in lentivirus transduction for Gal-8 silencing. Cell migration as assessed in transwell filters. Cell proliferation, cell cycle and apoptosis were analyzed by FACS. RESULTS: Gal-8 as a soluble stimulus triggered chemotactic migration of U87 cells across the polycarbonate filter of transwell chambers, almost as intensively as fetal bovine serum. Unexpectedly, Gal-8 also enhanced U87 cell growth. Co-incubation of Gal-8 with lactose, which blocks galectin-glycan interactions, abrogated both effects. Immunoblot showed Gal-8 in conditioned media reflecting its secretion. U87 cells transduced with silencing shRNA in a lentiviral vector expressed and secreted 30-40 % of their normal Gal-8 levels. These cells maintained their migratory capabilities, but decreased their proliferation rate and underwent higher levels of apoptosis, as revealed by flow cytometry analysis of cell cycle, CFSE and activated caspase-3 staining. Proliferation seemed to be more sensitive than migration to Gal-8 expression levels. CONCLUSIONS: Gal-8, either secreted or exogenously enriched in the media, and acting through extracellular glycan interactions, constitutes a strong stimulus of directional migration in glioblastoma U87 cells and for the first time emerges as a factor that promotes proliferation and prevents apoptosis in cancerous cells. These properties could potentially contribute to the exaggerated malignancy of glioblastoma cells