Conocimiento y percepción de las familias sobre tuberculosis en pacientes bajo tratamiento directamente observado en un servicio de salud de Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brasil

Pesquisa epidemiológica descritiva que objetivou descrever o perfil demográfico das famílias de pacientes em Tratamento Diretamente Observado em um serviço de saúde de Ribeirão Preto-SP, analisar o contexto em que estavam inseridas, no que refere ao grau de parentesco e aspectos clínico-epidemiológicos do familiar portador da tuberculose, e avaliar o conhecimento e a percepção dessas famílias em relação à tuberculose. Os dados foram coletados em julho de 2010, utilizando-se um questionário semiestruturado com 16 familiares, sendo analisados por meio da estatística descritiva. O perfil demográfico dos familiares corrobora com a associação da tuberculose às condições de pobreza e má distribuição de renda. Verificou-se um número substancial de comunicantes no domicílio, sendo a tuberculose pulmonar a forma clínica predominante. O conhecimento das famílias foi satisfatório, entretanto, alguns sujeitos associam a transmissão da doença, ao uso compartilhado de utensílios domésticos. Os resultados apontam fragilidades relacionadas à gestão do cuidado às famílias

Avaliação de desempenho do controle da tuberculose em municípios brasileiros

OBJETIVO Avaliar o desempenho no controle da tuberculose dos municípios brasileiros. MÉTODOS Estudo ecológico com municípios brasileiros que notificaram pelo menos quatro casos novos de tuberculose, com no mínimo um caso novo de tuberculose pulmonar entre 2015 e 2018. Os municípios foram estratificados de acordo com a população em < 50 mil, 50–100 mil, 100–300 mil e > 300 mil habitantes e foi utilizado o método k-médias para agrupá-los dentro de cada faixa populacional segundo desempenho de seis indicadores da doença. RESULTADOS Foram incluídos 2.845 municípios brasileiros abrangendo 98,5% (208.007/211.174) dos casos novos de tuberculose do período. Para cada faixa populacional identificou-se três grupos (A, B e C) de municípios segundo desempenho dos indicadores: A os mais satisfatórios, B os intermediários e C os menos satisfatórios. Municípios do grupo A com < 100 mil habitantes apresentaram resultados acima das metas para confirmação laboratorial (≥ 72%), abandono (≤ 5%) e cura (≥ 90%), e abrangeram 2% dos casos novos da doença. Por outro lado, os municípios dos grupos B e C apresentaram pelo menos cinco indicadores com resultados abaixo das metas – testagem HIV (< 100%), exame de contatos (< 90%), tratamento diretamente observado (< 90%), abandono (> 5%) e cura (< 90%) –, e corresponderam a 66,7% dos casos novos de tuberculose. Já no grupo C dos municípios com > 300 mil habitantes, que incluiu 19 das 27 capitais e 43,1% dos casos novos de tuberculose, encontrou-se os menores percentuais de exames de contatos (média = 56,4%) e tratamento diretamente observado (média = 15,4%), elevado abandono (média = 13,9%) e baixa cobertura da atenção básica (média = 66,0%). CONCLUSÕES Grande parte dos casos novos de tuberculose ocorreu em municípios com desempenho insatisfatório para o controle da doença, onde expandir a cobertura da atenção básica pode reduzir o abandono e elevar o exame de contatos e tratamento diretamente observado.OBJECTIVE To evaluate the performance of tuberculosis control in Brazilian municipalities. METHODS This is an ecological study on Brazilian municipalities that notified at least four new cases of tuberculosis, with a minimum of one new case of pulmonary tuberculosis between 2015 and 2018. The municipalities were stratified according to the population in < 50 thousand, 50–100 thousand, 100–300 thousand, and > 300 thousand inhabitants, and the k-means method was used to group them within each population range according to the performance of six indicators of the disease. RESULTS A total of 2,845 Brazilian municipalities were included, comprising 98.5% (208,007/211,174) of new tuberculosis cases in the period. For each population range, three groups (A, B, and C) of municipalities were identified according to the performance of the indicators: A, the most satisfactory; B, the intermediates; and C, the least satisfactory. Municipalities in group A with < 100 thousand inhabitants presented results above the targets for laboratory confirmation (≥ 72%), abandonment (≤ 5%), and cure (≥ 90%), and comprised 2% of new cases of the disease. Conversely, municipalities of groups B and C presented at least five indicators with results below the targets – HIV testing (< 100%), contact investigation (< 90%), directly observed therapy (< 90%), abandonment (> 5%), and cure (< 90%) –, and corresponded to 66.7% of new cases of tuberculosis. In group C of municipalities with > 300 thousand inhabitants, which included 19 of the 27 capitals and 43.1% of new cases of tuberculosis, the lowest percentages of contact investigation (mean = 56.4%) and directly observed therapy (mean = 15.4%) were verified, in addition to high abandonment (mean = 13.9%) and low coverage of primary health care (mean = 66.0%). CONCLUSIONS Most new cases of tuberculosis occurred in municipalities with unsatisfactory performance for disease control. Expanding the coverage of primary health care in these places can reduce abandonment and increase the contact investigation and directly observed therapy

Mortality among over 6 million internal and international migrants in Brazil: a study using the 100 Million Brazilian Cohort

BACKGROUND: To understand if migrants living in poverty in low and middle-income countries (LMICs) have mortality advantages over the non-migrant population, we investigated mortality risk patterns among internal and international migrants in Brazil over their life course. METHODS: We linked socio-economic and mortality data from 1st January 2011 to 31st December 2018 in the 100 Million Brazilian Cohort and calculated all-cause and cause-specific age-standardised mortality rates according to individuals' migration status for men and women. Using Cox regression models, we estimated the age- and sex-adjusted mortality hazard ratios (HR) for internal migrants (i.e., Brazilian-born individuals living in a different Brazilian state than their birth) compared to Brazilian-born non-migrants; and for international migrants (i.e., people born in another country) compared to Brazilian-born individuals. FINDINGS: The study followed up 45,051,476 individuals, of whom 6,057,814 were internal migrants, and 277,230 were international migrants. Internal migrants had similar all-cause mortality compared to Brazilian non-migrants (aHR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.98-0.99), marginally higher mortality for ischaemic heart diseases (aHR = 1.04, 95% CI = 1.03-1.05) and higher for stroke (aHR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.09-1.13). Compared to Brazilian-born individuals, international migrants had 18% lower all-cause mortality (aHR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.80-0.84), with up to 50% lower mortality from interpersonal violence among men (aHR = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.40-0.64), but higher mortality from avoidable causes related to maternal health (aHR = 2.17, 95% CI = 1.17-4.05). INTERPRETATION: Although internal migrants had similar all-cause mortality, international migrants had lower all-cause mortality compared to non-migrants. Further investigations using intersectional approaches are warranted to understand the marked variations by migration status, age, and sex for specific causes of death, such as elevated maternal mortality and male lower interpersonal violence-related mortality among international migrants. FUNDING: The Wellcome Trust

Tuberculosis and internal and international migration in the state of São Paulo: similarities and contrasts

Objetivos: Descrever o comportamento da tuberculose (TB) entre migrantes internos e internacionais, investigar fatores associados à perda de seguimento do tratamento e caracterizar os municípios com maior proporção de migrantes doentes de TB. Métodos: Estudo de coorte retrospectiva descritivo e analítico realizado com doentes de TB residentes no estado de São Paulo (ESP) notificados ao Programa Estadual de Controle da TB (PCT-ESP) entre 2014 e 2017. Para o componente descritivo e caracterização dos municípios foram incluídos todos os casos de TB. Para o componente analítico foram incluídos os casos novos pulmonares com idade >=15 anos sem resistência às drogas antituberculose. A principal fonte de informação foi o sistema de notificação de casos de TB do PCT-ESP (TB-WEB). As variáveis de estudo foram: características demográficas, socioeconômicas, clínicas, de diagnóstico e tratamento da TB e indicadores municipais. Comparou-se o comportamento da TB entre migrantes internos e internacionais com não migrantes através dos testes qui-quadrado de Pearson ou Exato de Fisher, t de Student ou Mann-Whitney. Foi utilizada regressão logística para investigar os fatores associados à perda de seguimento. Resultados: Foram incluídos 62.840 doentes de TB com naturalidade conhecida, notificados no período do estudo. Foram analisados 4.597 migrantes internos (15,8%) e 668 migrantes internacionais (2,3%) de 2014 a 2015 e 511 migrantes internacionais (1,5%) de 2016 a 2017. Em relação aos não migrantes, os migrantes internos possuem maior mediana de idade (45,0 vs. 37,0; p=15 years without resistance to anti-TB drugs were included. Patient-related data were collected from an electronic health system of the PCT-ESP (the TBweb database). The following variables were used: demographic, socioeconomic, clinical, TB diagnosis and treatment characteristics and municipal indicators. Internal and international migrants with TB was compared with non-migrants with TB using Pearson\'s chi-square or Fisher\'s exact tests, Student\'s t or Mann-Whitney tests. Logistic regression was used to investigate factors associated with loss to follow-up. Results: 62,840 TB patients with known place of birth notified during the study period were included. 4,597 internal migrants (15.8%) and 668 international migrants (2.3%) from 2014 to 2015 and 511 international migrants (1.5%) from 2016 to 2017 were analyzed. In relation to non-migrants, internal migrants have a higher median age (45.0 vs. 37.0; p<0.05), a higher proportion of HIV-positive (12.3% vs. 11.0%; p=0.023) and higher TB death rate (4.2% vs. 3.2%; p<0.001). Being an internal migrant was not a factor associated with loss to follow-up (adjusted OR: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.73-1.04). Factors such as the use of illicit drugs (adjusted OR: 3.27; 95% CI: 2.29-4.68) and not having a residence (adjusted OR: 3.19; 95% CI: 1.92-5.30) were associated with loss to follow-up both among internal migrants and among the total of patients with TB in the ESP. International migrants, of whom 76.3% are South Americans, have a lower median age (27.0 vs. 37.0; p<0.05), a lower proportion of HIV-positive (6.6% vs. 11 , 0%; p<0.001) and higher rate of loss to follow-up (18.5% vs. 13.5%; p=0.003) when compared to non-migrants with TB. Being an international migrant was a factor associated with loss to follow-up (adjusted OR: 1.87; 95% CI: 1.41-2.47) and among them, HIV infection was associated with this treatment outcome (adjusted OR: 4.23; 95% CI: 1.78-10.06). The municipalities with the highest proportion of TB cases among internal migrants and with presence of international migrants have the largest: population size, wealth and proportion of people in social vulnerability. Conclusions: internal and international migrants with TB have a different profile than non-migrants with the disease. For internal migrants and the total population of patients with TB in ESP, the factors that increase the likelihood of losing follow-up treatment are more fragile social conditions that must therefore be faced to control the disease. As it is more likely that an international migrant does not complete TB treatment, this group should be prioritized in specific policies that respect their cultural particularities in order to increase adherence and completion of drug therapy among them

Perfil epidemiológico da tuberculose no município de São Paulo de 2006 a 2013

RESUMO: Introdução: A tuberculose é um grave problema de saúde que ainda persiste no mundo e no Brasil. O município de São Paulo é considerado prioritário para o controle da doença. Objetivo: Descrever o perfil epidemiológico de todos os casos novos de tuberculose no município de São Paulo notificados entre os anos de 2006 e 2013. Métodos: As variáveis selecionadas para o estudo foram as socioeconômicas, demográficas e as clínico-epidemiológicas obtidas através do sistema de informação online TB-WEB. Foi realizada uma análise descritiva dos dados e feita a comparação entre os anos. Para estudo da série histórica realizou-se análise de tendência linear. Um mapa temático foi confeccionado para visualizar a distribuição da doença no espaço urbano da cidade. Resultados e discussão: Houve um aumento da taxa de incidência-ano da tuberculose em menores de 15 anos e em moradores de rua. A taxa de cura melhorou, bem como a proporção de realização do tratamento supervisionado e a proporção dos diagnósticos feitos pela Atenção Básica. A doença está desigualmente distribuída no espaço do município, sendo que há distritos administrativos que não estão conseguindo progredir com relação ao seu controle. Conclusão: O programa municipal de controle da tuberculose necessita envidar esforços para os grupos vulneráveis para a tuberculose identificados e para as regiões da cidade com maior taxa de incidência-ano da doença

Epidemiological profile of tuberculosis in São Paulo municipality from 2006 to 2013

<p></p><p>ABSTRACT: Background: Tuberculosis is a serious public health problem that still persists in the world and in Brazil. The municipality of São Paulo, Brazil, is among the prioritized ones in the country for disease control. Objective: To describe the epidemiological profile of all new tuberculosis cases in São Paulo municipality reported between the years 2006 and 2013. Methods: The variables selected for the study were: socioeconomic, demographic and clinical-epidemiologic obtained through the online information system TB-WEB. A descriptive analysis of the data was performed to undertake the comparison among the years. To study the historical series, linear trend analysis was held. Results and discussion: There was an increase in the tuberculosis incidence rate in children under 15 years and in homeless people. The cure rate has improved as the proportion of completion of supervised treatment and the proportion of cases diagnosed by primary care clinics. The disease is unevenly distributed within the municipality of São Paulo and there are districts that were not able to improve the tuberculosis control. Conclusion: The municipal tuberculosis program control needs to target the vulnerable groups and the regions of the city where the incidence rates are higher.</p><p></p

Performance evaluation of tuberculosis control in Brazilian municipalities.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the performance of tuberculosis control in Brazilian municipalities. METHODS: This is an ecological study on Brazilian municipalities that notified at least four new cases of tuberculosis, with a minimum of one new case of pulmonary tuberculosis between 2015 and 2018. The municipalities were stratified according to the population in 300 thousand inhabitants, and the k-means method was used to group them within each population range according to the performance of six indicators of the disease. RESULTS: A total of 2,845 Brazilian municipalities were included, comprising 98.5% (208,007/211,174) of new tuberculosis cases in the period. For each population range, three groups (A, B, and C) of municipalities were identified according to the performance of the indicators: A, the most satisfactory; B, the intermediates; and C, the least satisfactory. Municipalities in group A with 5%), and cure ( 300 thousand inhabitants, which included 19 of the 27 capitals and 43.1% of new cases of tuberculosis, the lowest percentages of contact investigation (mean = 56.4%) and directly observed therapy (mean = 15.4%) were verified, in addition to high abandonment (mean = 13.9%) and low coverage of primary health care (mean = 66.0%). CONCLUSIONS: Most new cases of tuberculosis occurred in municipalities with unsatisfactory performance for disease control. Expanding the coverage of primary health care in these places can reduce abandonment and increase the contact investigation and directly observed therapy