Expert system technology

The expert system is a computer program which attempts to reproduce the problem-solving behavior of an expert, who is able to view problems from a broad perspective and arrive at conclusions rapidly, using intuition, shortcuts, and analogies to previous situations. Expert systems are a departure from the usual artificial intelligence approach to problem solving. Researchers have traditionally tried to develop general modes of human intelligence that could be applied to many different situations. Expert systems, on the other hand, tend to rely on large quantities of domain specific knowledge, much of it heuristic. The reasoning component of the system is relatively simple and straightforward. For this reason, expert systems are often called knowledge based systems. The report expands on the foregoing. Section 1 discusses the architecture of a typical expert system. Section 2 deals with the characteristics that make a problem a suitable candidate for expert system solution. Section 3 surveys current technology, describing some of the software aids available for expert system development. Section 4 discusses the limitations of the latter. The concluding section makes predictions of future trends

Paper Session I-A - The Year 2000 Problem

It has been called the “Millennium Time Bomb, Doomsday 2000, the Double-Naught Disaster” and a multitude of other catchy titles. A quote from Harris N. Miller, President of the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA) states: “The Year 2000 software conversion is arguably the largest and most complex global information management challenge society has ever faced”. What exactly is the Year 2000 problem? The year 2000 problem stems from the common use of two digit year indicators in many software, hardware and firmware installations, which will cause systems to recognize the ‘00’ in 2000 as 1900 or some other random date and cause calculation errors or computer shutdowns. Many computer programs use an MM/DD/YY format for the date. Some of these programs will not accept ‘00’ as a valid year or they cannot compute that ‘00’ follows 99. Also, will the world’s computers be able to handle the three zeros in the year 2000 date

Topicalization, Focus-Movement, and Yiddish-Movement: A Pragmatic Differentiation

Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1981), pp. 249-26

Negotiating meanings: the use of diatopic synonymus in medieval aragonese literary translation

The field of translation theory and translation technique in Medieval Spain has been the subject of surprisingly infrequent study during the past several decades. The seminal works of Morreale and Russell have not been matched as yet in their intent, although more Hispanists are now turning their attention to the specific problems posed by the study of medieval translations.' The lack of fervor with which this area has been explored may result, in part, from the modern bias which places authorial originality above all else in the literary realm. Editing and studying a translated text is simply not deemed as valuable as working with an original composition. This culturally anachronistic view does not take into account the medieval predilection for authoritative works which had been extensively translated, glossed and commente

HACA3: A Unified Approach for Multi-site MR Image Harmonization

The lack of standardization is a prominent issue in magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. This often causes undesired contrast variations due to differences in hardware and acquisition parameters. In recent years, MR harmonization using image synthesis with disentanglement has been proposed to compensate for the undesired contrast variations. Despite the success of existing methods, we argue that three major improvements can be made. First, most existing methods are built upon the assumption that multi-contrast MR images of the same subject share the same anatomy. This assumption is questionable since different MR contrasts are specialized to highlight different anatomical features. Second, these methods often require a fixed set of MR contrasts for training (e.g., both Tw-weighted and T2-weighted images must be available), which limits their applicability. Third, existing methods generally are sensitive to imaging artifacts. In this paper, we present a novel approach, Harmonization with Attention-based Contrast, Anatomy, and Artifact Awareness (HACA3), to address these three issues. We first propose an anatomy fusion module that enables HACA3 to respect the anatomical differences between MR contrasts. HACA3 is also robust to imaging artifacts and can be trained and applied to any set of MR contrasts. Experiments show that HACA3 achieves state-of-the-art performance under multiple image quality metrics. We also demonstrate the applicability of HACA3 on downstream tasks with diverse MR datasets acquired from 21 sites with different field strengths, scanner platforms, and acquisition protocols

Surface composition and structure of Co\u3csub\u3e3\u3c/sub\u3eO\u3csub\u3e4\u3c/sub\u3e(110) and the effect of impurity segregation

The Co3O4 (110) single crystal surface has been characterized by low energy electron diffraction (LEED), Auger electron spectroscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). LEED analysis of the clean Co3O4 (110) spinel surface shows a well-ordered pattern with sharp diffraction features. The XPS spectra are consistent with stoichiometric Co3O4 as determined by the concentration ratio of oxygen to cobalt (CO /CCo) and spectral peak shape. In particular, the cobalt 2p XPS spectra are characteristic of the spinel structure with Co3+ occupying octahedral sites and Co2+ in tetrahedral sites within the lattice. During prolonged heating at 630 K, bulk impurities of K, Ca, Na, and Cu segregated to the surface. Sodium desorbed from the surface as NaOH at 825 K, potassium and calcium were only removed by sputtering since no desorption from the surface was detected for temperatures up to 1000 K. Copper also disappeared upon heating above 700 K, most likely by desorbing although the possibility of diffusion back into the bulk could not be eliminated. The appearance of copper impurities correlated with Co3O4 (110) surface reduction to CoO, and the surface could not be fully reoxidized even upon extended oxygen annealing as long as the copper impurity remained on the surface. Upon removal of the Cu from the near-surface region, the surface was easily reoxidized to Co3O4 by O2