Light scattering as an easy tool to measure vesicles weight concentration

Over the last few decades, liposomes have emerged as promising drug delivery systems and effective membrane models for studying biophysical and biological processes. For all applications, knowing their concentration after preparation is crucial. Thus, the development of methods for easily controlling vesicles concentration would be of great utility. A new assay is presented here, based on a suitable analysis of light scattering intensity from liposome dispersions. The method, tested for extrusion preparations, is precise, easy, fast, non-destructive and uses a tiny amount of sample. Furthermore, the scattering intensity can be measured indifferently at different angles, or even by using the elastic band obtained from a standard spectrofluorimeter. To validate the method, the measured concentrations of vesicles of different matrix compositions and sizes, measured by light scattering with different angles and instruments, were compared to the data obtained by the standard Stewart assay. Consistent results were obtained. The light scattering assay is based on the assessment of the mass fraction lost in the preparation, and can be applied for methods such as extrusion, homogenization, French press and other microfluidic procedures

Kesesuaian Tipe Kemasakan Varietas Tebu Pada Tipologi Lahan Bertekstur Berat, Tadah Hujan, Dan Drainase Lancar

Tanaman tebu merupakan salah satu tanaman perkebunan yang strategis berkaitan dengan pemenuhan kebutuhan gula. Saat ini berbagai tipe kemasakan varietas tebu dapat ditemui pada tipologi lahan yang sama sehingga potensi varietas akan sulit dicapai pada tipologi lahan yang tidak sesuai. Untuk itu kesesuaian varietas tebu dengan tipe kemasakan yang berbeda perlu diuji dengan tipologi lahan. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Desa Gili Timur, Kecamatan Kamal, Kabupaten Bangkalan dengan tipologi lahan tekstur tanah berat (B), lahan tadah hujan (H), dan drainase lancar (L) atau BHL mulai Oktober 2014 sampai September 2015. Penelitian lapang menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK) yang diulang 5 kali dengan 8 perlakuan varietas dengan tipe kemasakan yang berbeda yaitu PS 881 (Awal); Cenning, PSJK 922, dan PS 882 (Awal Tengah); KK, VMC 76-16, PSDK 923, dan BL (Tengah Lambat). Varietas tebu yang ditanam menggunakan benih bagal mata 2–3 dengan PKP 135 cm. Kesesuaian tipologi lahan BHL dengan tipe kemasakan varietas tebu menunjukkan bahwa varietas tebu tipe kemasakan awal bila ditanam tepat waktu menghasilkan produktivitas sama dengan varietas masak tengah lambat dengan tingkat produktivitas (92,98–109,28 ton/ha). Varietas tebu dengan tipe ke masakan awal sampai awal tengah menghasilkan produktivitas tebu 93–96 ton/ha menggunakan varietas PS 881, Cenning, dan PSJK 922, dan varietas tengah lambat menghasilkan produktivitas tebu 92-109 ton/ha menggunakan varietas VMC-7616, PSDK 923, dan BL. Produksi hablur tertinggi varietas masak awal 8,46 ton/ha (PS 881), varietas awal tengah 8,66 ton/ha (PSJK 922), varietas tengah lambat 9,40 ton/ha (PSDK 923). Panen tebu dilakukan berdasarkan tingkat kemasakan yang optimal, di lokasi penelitian (wilayah Bangkalan, Madura) varietas tipe kemasakan awal sampai awal tengah mencapai tingkat kemasakan optimal pada saat tanaman mencapai umur 9 bulan dan 9,5 bulan setelah tanam pada tipe kemasakan tengah lambat. Dengan demikian pada tipologi lahan BHL direkomendasikan penggunaan varietas tebu dengan tipe kemasakan awal sampai tengah lambat. Informasi tersebut dapat digunakan sebagai dasar dalam pelaksanaan penataan varietas tebu. Pemilihan varietas yang berproduksi tinggi dan tahan kepras serta sesuai dengan lingkungan setempat sangat dianjurkan. Sugar cane is one of the strategic plantation crops associated with the fulfillment of sugar. At present various types of ripening sugarcane varieties can be found on the same land typology, so the potential productivity of a variety would be difficult to achieve on a typology that is not appropriate. The suitability of sugarcane varieties with different maturity types need to be checked with appropriate land typology. The research was conducted in East Gili, Kamal, Bangkalan on the land typology of heavy soil texture (B), the rainfed (H), and good drainage (L) or BHL started in October 2014 to September 2015. The field research was designed using a Randomized Block Design (RAK) with five replications with 8 varieties treatments namely PS 881 (early maturity), Cenning, PSJK 922 and PS 882 (middle early maturity); KK, VMC 76-16, PSDK 923 and BL (middle late maturity). Sugarcane stalks with 2-3 buds of each variety were planted per plot at 135 cm row spacing. Suitability of sugarcane varieties with different maturity types with land tipology showed that early maturity sugarcane varieties planted at the right time produced the similar productivity with late maturity varieties on lands with BHL tipology with a ranges of productivity 92.98 to 109.28 tons/ha. Sugarcane varieties with early maturity to mid early maturity of sugarcane produced 93-96 tons/ha using PS 881, Cenning, and PSJK 922, and varieties with mid late to late maturity produced 92-109 tonnes/ha using VMC-7616, PSDK 923, and BL. High sugar yields were produced by early variety of 8.46 tonnes/ha (PS 881), mid early variety of 8.66 tonnes/ha (PSJK 922), mid late variety of 9,40 tonnes/ha (PSDK 923). Cane harvesting was done based on the optimum maturity, in the study site (Bangkalan, Madura) cane varieties with early to middle early maturty reached the optimal maturity at the crop age of 9 months and 9.5 months in middle late maturity. Thus the land tipology of BHL recommended the use of sugarcane varieties with early to mid late maturity. This information can be used as a basis for the implementation of the planting management of sugarcane varieties. Selection of high yielding varieties and ratooning ability and appropriate to the local environment is highly recommended

Kesesuaian Galur Harapan Kapas Pada Sistem Tumpang Sari Dengan Palawija

Tanaman kapas selalu ditumpangsarikan dengan palawija, sehingga varietas harapan yang telah dirakit hen-daknya mempunyai toleransi yang cukup tinggi terhadap persaingan. Tujuan dari kegiatan ini adalah untuk mengevaluasi toleransi galur-galur harapan kapas tahan A. biguttula terhadap persaingan dengan kedelai dan jagung. Penelitian dilaksanakan di lahan petani Desa Sumber Soka, Kecamatan Mantup, Kabupaten Lamo-ngan pada bulan Maret sampai dengan Oktober 2008. Kegiatan penelitian disusun dalam rancangan petak terbagi dengan dua faktor yang diulang empat kali. Petak utama adalah galur unggul, yaitu: 99022/1 (G1); 99001/2 (G2); dan 199023/5 (G3). Anak petak adalah jenis tanaman tumpang sari, yaitu kedelai (Kd) dan jagung (J). Untuk menghitung nilai kesetaraan lahan (NKL) dilakukan penanaman monokultur kapas dari ke-tiga galur unggul, kedelai, dan jagung. Untuk masing-masing jenis tanaman monokultur diulang 2 kali. Peng-amatan dilakukan terhadap komponen pertumbuhan tanaman (vegetatif dan generatif), perkembangan po-pulasi A. biguttula, produksi kapas berbiji, jagung, dan kedelai, serta NKL. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ukuran kanopi tanaman, jumlah cabang vegetatif dan generatif yang terbentuk pada tumpang sari dengan jagung lebih besar dibanding tumpang sari dengan kedelai. Galur G1 membentuk square lebih ba-nyak dibanding galur yang lain jika ditumpangsarikan dengan jagung yaitu 10 square/tanaman pada 82 hst dan membentuk buah lebih banyak (9 buah/tanaman) pada 122 hst; galur G3 membentuk square lebih ba-nyak pada tumpang sari dengan kedelai yaitu 8 square/tanaman pada umur yang sama dan membentuk bu-ah yang lebih banyak (11 buah/tanaman). Persentase kerusakan square tertinggi terjadi pada galur G3 yang ditumpangsarikan dengan jagung (28%) dan galur G1 yang ditumpangsarikan dengan kedelai (15%). NKL dari galur-galur yang diuji tumpang sari dengan kedelai lebih tinggi (1,31,8) dibandingkan dengan tumpang sari dengan jagung (0,981,42). NKL tertinggi (1,8) ditunjukkan oleh galur G3 tumpang sari dengan kedelai. As a cash crop, cotton is intercropped with secondary food crops in Indonesia. Therefore, the promising lines of such cotton varieties should have a high tolerant to a competitions, so that their potential production would be less affected in intercropping system. The aim of this research was to evaluate the tolerance of promising-cotton lines resistant to A. biguttula in intercropping with soybean and maize. The research was conducted in farmer's land at Sumber Soka Village, Mantup, Lamongan from March up to October 2008. The research used split plot design with two factors and four replicates. The main plots were the promising lines: 99022/1 (G1); 99001/2 (G2); and 199023/5 (G3) and sub-plots were the secondary crop species: soybean (Kd) and maize (J). For calculating land equivalent ratio (LER) we planted the cotton lines, soybean, and maize in monoculture, each of them with two replicates. Observations were made for plant growth compo-nents (vegetative and generative), development of A. biguttula population, productions of seed cotton, maize and soybean, LER, as well as a simple-partial farming analysis. In intercropping with maize, the canointercropped with soybean. Line G1 showed the highest number in forming squares in intercropping with maize (10 square/plant at 82 dap) and formed bolls more (9 bolls/plant) than the other lines; and so did line G3 in intercropping with soybean (8 square/plant) and formed 11 bolls/plant. However, square damage was also the highest occurrence in these two promising lines (1528%). LER of lines intercropped with soybean were higher (1.31.8) than that of lines intercropped with maize (0.981.42). Line G3 gives the highest LER (1.8) when intercropped with soybean. Cotton lines intercropping with soybean resulted in a better added income over monoculture system compare to that of maize intercropping

Analisa Tingkat Keandalan Sistem Gardu Induk 13,8 KV 6DN Minas PT.Chevron Pacific Indonesia dengan Metode Section Technique

Analysis level reliability of this study using methods the section technique. Objectives to be presented in this study provide information about reliability of the substation 6DN PT.Chevron Pacific Indonesia. By dividing the distribution network based methods of calculating level of reliability section technique, which impacts the perceived failure of the same component if the occurrence of the disorders that cause system outages. Step by step execution of this study include collecting data, performing calculations failure parameter, calculating the reliability index SAIDI (System Average Interruption Duration Index) and SAIFI (System Average Interuption Frequency Index). The calculating result obtained by using method section technique SAIFI = 2.272817955 time/year and SAIDI = 1.859914796 hour/year. With existing standard in Indonesia as SPLN 68-2 1986 has values SAIFI (System Average Frequency Duration Index) is 3.2 time/year and SAIDI (System Average Interruption Duration Index) is 21 hour/year, the index reliability of the distribution system substation 6DN still in the category reliable. With an International standards such as IEEE Std. 1366-2000 SAIDI reliability index value of the distribution system substation 6DN smaller than the value of SAIDI IEEE Std.1366-2000, for the value of reliability index SAIFI substation 6DN larger than value index SAIFI IEEE Std. 1366-2000

Produksi Biogas dari Limbah Black Water dan Kotoran Ternak Menggunakan Reaktor Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB)

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menginvestigasi produksi biogas serta efisiensi penyisihan BOD, COD, TSS, dan keberadaan organisme patogen (E. coli) dari limbah black water dan kotoran ternak menggunakan reaktor Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket (UASB) pada temperatur mesofilik (28 - 30 C). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa efisiensi penyisihan COD, TSS, dan BOD sebesar 67,8 %, 92, 5 %, dan 36, 9 %. Biogas yang dihasilkan pada hari ke 7, hari ke 14 dan hari ke 21 meliputi 12 %, 51 %, dan 64 % untuk metan, sementara karbon dioksida sebesar 21 %, 34 %,  dan 33 %. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa pengolahan limbah black water dan kotoran ternak secara anaerobik dapat diterapkan dengan menggunakan reaktor UASB. Selain itu, pengolahan limbah black water dan kotoran ternak secara anaerobik dengan reaktor UASB memberikan manfaat yang besar dalam menghasilkan metan

Il volontariato religioso nell'ordinamento giuridico italiano (l'incompiuta integrazione tra societ\ue0 civile e societ\ue0 religiosa)

SOMMARIO: 1. Identikit d’una fattispecie “ibrida” sconosciuta al diritto positivo italiano - 2. L’assenza di una normativa ad hoc pattizia: alcune ragioni ipotizzabili – 3. Le fonti unilaterali: dall’indifferenza per il fenomeno della Legge-quadro del ’91 all’indirizzo restrittivo delle Linee-guida del 2010 - 4. Il problema a monte - 5. Conclusioni