Cofradías de esclavos negros, morenos y mulatos libres en la Catedral de Santo Domingo, Primada de América

The evangelization of the indigenous and spiritual assistance to the colonizers and Creoles, was a priority in the conquest and colonization of the Indies. The black slave was also evangelized but with different strategies, one of them was the brotherhood, which was installed in the churches and fulfilled an essential function giving the slave participation in religious and social events. For this reason, the objective of this research is to describe the brotherhoods of blacks, brunettes and mulattos that existed in the Cathedral of Santo Domingo, its composition and religious syncretism.La evangelización del indígena y la asistencia espiritual a los colonizadores y criollos fue prioridad en la conquista y colonización, de las Indias. El esclavo negro, también fue evangelizado, pero con estrategias diferentes, siendo una de ellas las cofradías, que se instalaron en las iglesias y cumplieron una función esencial dándole participación al esclavo en eventos religiosos y sociales. Por tal motivo, el objetivo de esta investigación es describir las cofradías de negros, morenos y mulatos que existieron en la Catedral de Santo Domingo, su composición y el sincretismo religioso

Thermal Behavior Assessment of Two Types of Roofs of the Dominican Vernacular Housing

The Dominican vernacular architecture, based on the indigenous bohio with Spanish influence, is built with natural materials, such as the royal palm (Roystonea Hispaniolana) and the cana palm (Sabal Dominguensis). This model of housing has remained practically unchanged for five centuries, responding adequately to the Caribbean tropical climate. In the twentieth century, start to replace the traditional palm leaf roof by a corrugated sheet zinc, significantly affecting the temperature inside these houses and altering the conditions of living comfort. For this reason, the aim of this research is to evaluate the thermal behavior of two roof types of vernacular housing. One type is a cana palm leaf roof and the other is a corrugated sheet zinc roof. The houses are in the towns of Villa Sombrero and Sabana Buey, Peravia Province, in the southwest of the Dominican Republic, a region with a Tropical savanna climate (Aw) according to the Köppen-Geiger climate classification. The climate is characterized by temperatures from 20°C to 38°C, with rainfall below 500 mm per year. The technique and tools used for this research are: Infrared Thermography (IRT) and digital thermometer for measure of thermal properties of roof materials, a thermometer and hygrometer to measure the relative humidity and temperature inside and outside of the houses, and carbon monoxide (CO) and carbon dioxide (CO2) meter. Passive IRT is used to measures the temperature differences of a structure that are generated under normal conditions. The results indicate that there is a difference in temperature between one type of roofing material and the other. Finding that houses with palm leaf roofs have lower temperature than corrugated sheet zinc roof and present a temperature difference between the interior and exterio

Comparative analysis of the first bricks made in the New World (1494-1544)

This paper demonstrates the quality of the clays of the bricks manufactured in the New World and their low porosity through a comparative analysis of the bricks manufactured during the first 50 years of conquest and colonization (1494-1544). Samples of bricks and tiles were taken from the sites of the ruins of La Isabella (1494), Concepcion de la Vega (1502), Fort Santiago in Fortaleza of Santo Domingo (1540), and Royal Shipyards (1544).X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) indicate the elemental chemical analysis, both qualitative and semi-quantitative, of the elements included between fluorine and uranium. The results of the chemical analysis of the case studies are shown in Table 1. The mayor percentage of oxides of chemical composition of the five simples are the following: SiO2, Al2O3, Fe2O3, MgO and CaO typical in a handmade brick. According to some authors, clays suitable for handmade brick should contain Silicon dioxide or Silica (SiO2) between 50-60%, aluminum oxide or alumina (Al2O3) between 21-28 %, Iron (III) oxide or ferric oxide (Fe2O3) between 3-8%, magnesium oxide (MgO) between 2-5%, calcium oxide or lime (CaO) between 1-10%, and other elements.With the X-ray Diffraction (XRD) was identify the qualitative identification of the mineralogical composition of a crystalline sample and indicate the characteristic peaks of the quartz, albite, and calcite crystalline phases in different proportions (Table 2). The results are related to their sintering level, presented in Table 1.Porosity is a parameter that influences other properties. In this analysis is expressed as a percentage. Historic clay brick exhibit high porosity, ranging between 20% and 50%. The samples show range between 30,19 to 42,85%, so all the samples were inside the normal ranges (Table 3).THIS DATASET IS ARCHIVED AT DANS/EASY, BUT NOT ACCESSIBLE HERE. TO VIEW A LIST OF FILES AND ACCESS THE FILES IN THIS DATASET CLICK ON THE DOI-LINK ABOV

Cofradías de esclavos negros, morenos y mulatos libres en la Catedral de Santo Domingo, Primada de América

The evangelization of the indigenous and spiritual assistance to the colonizers and Creoles, was a priority in the conquest and colonization of the Indies. The black slave was also evangelized but with different strategies, one of them was the brotherhood, which was installed in the churches and fulfilled an essential function giving the slave participation in religious and social events. For this reason, the objective of this research is to describe the brotherhoods of blacks, brunettes and mulattos that existed in the Cathedral of Santo Domingo, its composition and religious syncretism.La evangelización del indígena y la asistencia espiritual a los colonizadores y criollos fue prioridad en la conquista y colonización, de las Indias. El esclavo negro, también fue evangelizado, pero con estrategias diferentes, siendo una de ellas las cofradías, que se instalaron en las iglesias y cumplieron una función esencial dándole participación al esclavo en eventos religiosos y sociales. Por tal motivo, el objetivo de esta investigación es describir las cofradías de negros, morenos y mulatos que existieron en la Catedral de Santo Domingo, su composición y el sincretismo religioso

Application of Geophysical Prospecting Methods for Soil Structure Characterization of the Cathedral of Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic

Hispaniola is in the edge of interaction between the North American and Caribbean plates. In this zone, the occurrence of earthquakes greater than 5.0, Mw is frequent, characterizing it as a seismically active zone. These earthquakes cause considerable material damage and can provoke loss of human lives. The Cathedral of Santo Domingo, Primate of the Americas, is in the Colonial City of Santo Domingo. It is the most important colonial building in Dominican Republic, was built between 1521-1541, and is a masonry building made with stone ashlars and covered with stone ribbed vault. However, it is essential to know about the possible seismic behavior that the ground could have in case of a relevant earthquake to try to avoid possible damage to this heritage. For this reason, the aim of this research is to apply geophysical prospecting methods for the seismic site characterization of the Cathedral of Santo Domingo. For this study, the geophysical methods applied were: MASW (Multichannel Analysis of Surface Wave), H/V Spectral Ratio and Georadar. The characterization of site conditions was determined with the values of the average shear wave velocity for the top 30 m of soil (Vs30) obtained with the MASW method. As a main result it was found that the site seismic class determined with the MASW method was type C- very dense soil and soft rock (360-760 m/s), according to the NEHRP classification. In addition, the Georadar tests allowed confirming that there are no unknown caverns in the basement of the Cathedral in the first 5 m, thus it is accepted as valid the seismic classification of the soil obtained by the MASW method

Antimicrobial management of Tropheryma whipplei endocarditis: the Spanish Collaboration on Endocarditis (GAMES) experience

OBJECTIVES: Tropheryma whipplei has been detected in 3.5% of the blood culture-negative cases of endocarditis in Spain. Experience in the management of T. whipplei endocarditis is limited. Here we report the long-term outcome of the treatment of previously reported patients who were diagnosed with infective endocarditis (IE) caused by T. whipplei from the Spanish Collaboration on Endocarditis-Grupo de Apoyo al Manejo de la Endocarditis Infecciosa en Espana (GAMES) and discuss potential options for antimicrobial therapy for IE caused by T. whipplei. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Seventeen patients with T. whipplei endocarditis were recruited between 2008 and 2014 in 25 Spanish hospitals. Patients were classified according to the therapeutic regimen: ceftriaxone and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, doxycycline + hydroxychloroquine and other treatment options. RESULTS: Follow-up data were obtained from 14 patients. The median follow-up was 46.5 months. All patients completed the antibiotic treatment prescribed, with a median duration of 13 months. Six patients were treated with ceftriaxone and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (median duration 13 months), four with doxycycline + hydroxychloroquine (median duration 13.8 months) and four with other treatment options (median duration 22.3 months). The follow-up after the end of the treatments was between 5 and 84 months (median 24 months). CONCLUSIONS: All treatment lines were effective and well tolerated. Therapeutic failures were not detected during the treatment. None of the patients died or experienced a relapse during the follow-up. Only six patients received antibiotic treatment in accordance with guidelines. These data suggest that shorter antimicrobial treatments could be effective