The parsec scale region of Active Galactic Nuclei in the IR

First results from the AGN-Heidelberg program aimed at spatially resolving the central pc region of the closest Active Galactic Nuclei are presented. The core region of prototype active nuclei are clearly unveiled at IR waves and at distances from the nucleus - few pc- where circumnuclear starforming regions appear not to be present. Within that perspective, classical active nuclei as Circinus and NGC 1097, reveal with unprecedented detail clear channels of material being driven to the core whereas others as Centaurus A and NGC 1566, show a "clean" core environment. At the very center, a central compact region of about 2 pc scale is resolved in Circinus but not in the other cases challenging thus the universal presence of the putative obscuring torus.Comment: 4 pages, 6 color figures, To appear in the Proceedings of the IAU Symp. 222: "The Interplay among Black Holes, Stars and ISM in Galactic Nuclei" held in Gramado, Brazil, March 200

Discovery of hard X-ray features around hotspots of Cygnus A

We present results of analysis of a Chandra observation of Cygnus A in which the X-ray hotspots at the ends of the jets are mapped in detail. A hardness map reveals previously unknown structure in the form of outer and inner hard arcs around the hotspots, with hardness significantly enhanced compared with the hotspot central regions. The outer hard arcs may constitute the first detection of the bow shock; the inner hard arcs may reveal where the jets impact on the hotspots. We argue that these features cannot result from electrons radiating by the synchrotron self-Compton process. Instead we consider two possible sources of the hard emission: the outer arcs may be due to thermal radiation of hot intracluster gas compressed at the bow shock. Alternatively, both outer and inner arcs may be due to synchrotron radiation of electrons accelerated in turbulent regions highly perturbed by shocks and shear flows. Comparison of measured hardness ratios with simulations of the hardness ratios resulting from these processes show that it is more diffcult to explain the observations with a thermal model. Although we cannot rule out a thermal model, we argue in favour of the non-thermal explanation. The hard regions in the secondary hotspots suggest that jet activity is still powering these hotspots.Comment: MNRAS in press; 5 pages, 3 figures (2 figures in colour in jpeg format should be printed separately

The central parsecs of active galactic nuclei: challenges to the torus

Type 2 AGN are by definition nuclei in which the broad-line region and continuum light are hidden at optical/UV wavelengths by dust. Via accurate registration of infrared (IR) Very Large Telescope adaptive optics images with optical \textit{Hubble Space Telescope} images we unambiguously identify the precise location of the nucleus of a sample of nearby, type 2 AGN. Dust extinction maps of the central few kpc of these galaxies are constructed from optical-IR colour images, which allow tracing the dust morphology at scales of few pc. In almost all cases, the IR nucleus is shifted by several tens of pc from the optical peak and its location is behind a dust filament, prompting to this being a major, if not the only, cause of the nucleus obscuration. These nuclear dust lanes have extinctions $A_V \geq 3-6$ mag, sufficient to at least hide the low-luminosity AGN class, and in some cases are observed to connect with kpc-scale dust structures, suggesting that these are the nuclear fueling channels. A precise location of the ionised gas H$\alpha$ and [\textsc{Si\,vii}] 2.48 $\mu$m coronal emission lines relative to those of the IR nucleus and dust is determined. The H$\alpha$ peak emission is often shifted from the nucleus location and its sometimes conical morphology appears not to be caused by a nuclear --torus-- collimation but to be strictly defined by the morphology of the nuclear dust lanes. Conversely, [\textsc{Si\,vii}] 2.48 $\mu$m emission, less subjected to dust extinction, reflects the truly, rather isotropic, distribution of the ionised gas. All together, the precise location of the dust, ionised gas and nucleus is found compelling enough to cast doubts on the universality of the pc-scale torus and supports its vanishing in low-luminosity AGN. Finally, we provide the most accurate position of the NGC 1068 nucleus, located at the South vertex of cloud B.Comment: 23 pages, 10 figures, accepted for publication in MNRA

The new Spanish Autonomous Communities fiscal stability framework

From to beginning of year 2002, the Spanish Autonomous Communities (CC. AA.) fiscal performance is conditioned by a new legal framework compounded from the financial agreement and the legislation on budget stability. This new framework implies a change in the CC. AA. fiscal behaviour. Are the CC. AA. ready to provide its citizens the public services they demand and fulfil its fiscal stability commitments? Are all the CC. AA. in the same position? Using political economic models and data on past budget execution, this paper is aimed at shedding light over the factors that jeopardize the CC. AA. budget stability in the future and the differences between CC. AA. relevant to its fiscal performance. JEL classification: H61, H62, H71, H72, H77