Closure operations on the submonoids of the natural numbers

We examine the algebraic structure of closure, semiprime and prime operations on submonoids of natural numbers. We find that the closure operations under composition do not form a submonoid under composition. We also describe all the semiprime operations on natural numbers and show that they are a submonoid. We investigate the relations among the semiprime operations on ideals of the sub- semi-group (2, 3) and define which of these operations may form a monoid or a left act under composition. We also consider the algebraic structure of monoids with multiple maximal ideals and generalize these results to higher dimensions

The Effect of Horseback Riding Activity on the Tibialis Anterior, Vastus Lateralis, and Rectus Abdominis of a Paraplegic

Horses are now being used in various programs under various conditions. The use of horses for therapy and recreation for the physically and mentally disabled first began in Germany and Switzerland. The United States now has many schools and different riding programs as well. Riding seems to be especially beneficial to those with neurological impairments. Treatment of paraplegia is very limited but recreational activities are advancing. The use of the horse is beneficial for paraplegics emotionally as well as physically. Measurements and evaluations of these benefits are lacking. This project analyzes and measures the physical benefits of horseback riding on a classification T8 paraplegic. The subject underwent a pre-test and post-test electromyographic analysis (EMG) of the tibialis anterior, vastus lateralis, and rectus abdominis before and after eight weeks of horseback riding. The riding was conducted three times a week, for thirty minute sessions. The purpose of the study was to see if there was an increase in muscle amplitude and duration in the muscles tested. A secondary purpose was to see if there was an increase in cardiovascular activity caused by horseback riding. The subject’s heart rate was monitored by a Vantage Performance Monitor and was recorded during each session. The pre-test and post-test EMG was conducted in the human physiology lab at Eastern Illinois University. One page of EMG recordings was run on each muscle. Only the muscles of the right side of the body were tested. The subject mounted a special apparatus which was built by the experimenter for the purpose of these tests. The apparatus was manually manipulated in the rhythmic stepping action of a horse. Each sheet of results on each muscle was measured and recorded in two separate ways. First the duration of the muscle was measured and then the amplitude. Each spike was measured and recorded by the experimenter. These scores were then compared using an unpaired, two-tailed, T-test. By design, the heart rate was 73 beats per minute at the beginning of each session. The heart rates were recorded at fifteen minutes and again at thirty minutes by using a Vantage Performance Monitor. The changes in heart rate at fifteen and thirty minutes were compared using a paired T-test. The muscle activity in the tibialis anterior, vastus lateralis, and rectus abdominis increased after the subject completed the horseback riding activity. There were statistically significant increases in both amplitude and duration of the EMG on each muscle. The subject’s heart rate increased according to recorded scores taken during the riding sessions compared to that of the subject\u27s resting rate and there was no significant difference between fifteen and thirty minutes

Single Versus Multi-Center Surgeons\u27 Risk-Adjusted Mitral Valve Repair Procedural Outcomes

The purpose of this study is to explore strategies to improve mitral valve repair (MVr) outcomes. This research explores postoperative outcomes of patients undergoing MVr surgery by single center surgeons versus patients of multicenter surgeons. Specific outcomes of interest include 30-day operative mortality, major operative complications (e.g., deep sternal wound infection, permanent stroke, renal dysfunction requiring dialysis, reoperation, and prolonged ventilation), length of stay, and 30-day readmissions. In brief, the serisk-adjusted outcome rates for surgeons that perform mitral valve repair procedures will be compared for surgeons that operate at a single center [i.e. SC surgeons] versus multiple centers [i.e. MC surgeons]. The overarching study hypothesis is: H(0) There will be no difference in the risk-adjusted outcome rates between surgeons that operate at a single center [i.e. SC surgeons] versus multiple centers [i.e. MC surgeons]. Based on prior research, however, it is anticipated that single center surgeons may have superior outcomes compared to multi-center surgeons

Is being in paid work beyond state pension age beneficial for health? Evidence from England using a life-course approach

BACKGROUND Given the current policy emphasis in many Western societies on extending working lives, we investigated the health effects of being in paid work beyond state pension age (SPA). Until now, work has largely focused on the health of those who exit the labour force early. METHODS Our data come from waves 2–4 of the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing, including the life history interview at wave 3. Using logistic and linear regression models, we assessed the longitudinal associations between being in paid work beyond SPA and 3 measures of health (depression, a latent measure of somatic health and sleep disturbance) among men aged 65–74 and women aged 60–69. Our analyses controlled for baseline health and socioeconomic characteristics, as well as for work histories and health in adulthood and childhood. RESULTS Approximately a quarter of women and 15% of men were in paid work beyond SPA. Descriptive bivariate analyses suggested that men and women in paid work were more likely to report better health at follow-up. However, once baseline socioeconomic characteristics as well as adulthood and baseline health and labour market histories were accounted for, the health benefits of working beyond SPA were no longer significant. CONCLUSIONS Potential health benefits of working beyond SPA need to be considered in the light of the fact that those who report good health and are more socioeconomically advantaged are more likely to be working beyond SPA to begin with

Nuclear DNA Content Variation Within the Rosaceae

Nuclear DNA content has been estimated using flow cytometry for 17 species and eight cultivars of Malus and for 44 species of 29 other genera within the Rosaceae. Compared to other angiosperms, diploid genome sizes vary little within the family Rosaceae and within the genus Malus. C-values of genera within the subfamilies Spiraeoideae and Rosoideae are among the smallest of flowering plants thus far reported. In general, the Maloideae have the largest diploid genomes of the family, consistent with their higher chromosome numbers and presumed polyploid origin

Trends Over Time in Incidence of Bicuspid Aortic Valve Patients with Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms in New York

Aim: Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is one of the most common congenital cardiac malformations, with increased risk for early onset thoracic aortic aneurysms (TAA). This study aims to examine the trends over time in incidence of BAV patients with TAA, given imaging advancements and increased frequency of imaging. Methods: Using administrative billing codes, this retrospective cohort study analyzed New York Statewide Planning and Research Cooperative System records from January 2007- December 2018, evaluating BAV+TAA incidence trends. Subgroups based on index admission were evaluated with a pre-identified 2014 inflection time point using an interrupted time series (ITS) analysis. Results: Using a New York State-wide billing database, 3,294 BAV and TAA first-time encounters were classified into three diagnosis-related patient sub-groups, as patients with: historical BAV + new TAA diagnoses (24.74%); new BAV + historical TAA diagnoses (27.57%); and new BAV + new TAA diagnoses (47.69%). Total BAV and TAA diagnostic incidence increased from 7.93/1,000,000 residents in 2007, to 24.75/1,000,000 residents in 2018 (overall annual rate of 17.91/1,000,000, p\u3c .001). With a pre-established 2014 inflection point, the incidence rate dramatically changed for new BAV+ new TAA patients (slope = 0.7592, 95% CI 0.2332-1.2851)