An overview of migratory birds in Brazil

We reviewed the occurrences and distributional patterns of migratory species of birds in Brazil. A species was classified as migratory when at least part of its population performs cyclical, seasonal movements with high fidelity to its breeding grounds. Of the 1,919 species of birds recorded in Brazil, 198 (10.3%) are migratory. Of these, 127 (64%) were classified as Migratory and 71 (36%) as Partially Migratory. A few species (83; 4.3%) were classified as Vagrant and eight (0,4%) species could not be defined due to limited information available, or due to conflicting data.Fil: Somenzari, Marina. Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Aves Silvestres. Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade; BrasilFil: Amaral, Priscilla Prudente do. Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Aves Silvestres. Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade; BrasilFil: Cueto, Víctor. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Centro de Investigación Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagóica. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco". Facultad de Ciencias Naturales - Sede Esquel. Centro de Investigación Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagónica; ArgentinaFil: Guaraldo, André de Camargo. Universidade Federal do Paraná; BrasilFil: Jahn, Alex. Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita Filho; BrasilFil: Lima, Diego Mendes. Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Aves Silvestres. Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade; BrasilFil: Lima, Pedro Cerqueira. Fundação BioBrasil; BrasilFil: Lugarini, Camile. Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Aves Silvestres. Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade; BrasilFil: Machado, Caio Graco. Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana; BrasilFil: Martinez, Jaime. Universidade de Passo Fundo; BrasilFil: do Nascimento, João Luiz Xavier. Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Aves Silvestres. Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade; BrasilFil: Pacheco, José Fernando. Comitê Brasileiro de Registros Ornitológicos; BrasilFil: Paludo, Danielle. Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Aves Silvestres. Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade; BrasilFil: Prestes, Nêmora Pauletti. Universidade de Passo Fundo; BrasilFil: Serafini, Patrícia Pereira. Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Aves Silvestres. Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade; BrasilFil: Silveira, Luís Fábio. Universidade de Sao Paulo; BrasilFil: de Sousa, Antônio Emanuel Barreto Alves. Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Aves Silvestres. Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade; BrasilFil: de Sousa, Nathália Alves. Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Aves Silvestres. Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade; BrasilFil: de Souza, Manuella Andrade. Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Aves Silvestres. Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade; BrasilFil: Telino-Júnior, Wallace Rodrigues. Universidade Federal de Pernambuco; BrasilFil: Whitney, Bret Myers. State University of Louisiana; Estados Unido

Addressing multiple sources of uncertainty in the estimation of global parrot abundance from roost counts: A case study with the Vinaceous-breasted Parrot (Amazona vinacea)

Population size is a key predictor of extinction risk and is critical to listing species in IUCN threat categories. Assessing population size can be particularly difficult for gregarious species, such as parrots—one of the most threatened bird families—whose ecology and behavior generate multiple sources of uncertainty that need to be addressed in monitoring efforts. To improve estimates of abundance for the endangered Vinaceous-breasted Parrot (Amazona vinacea), we combined extensive roost counts over the global range of the species (Argentina, Paraguay, Brazil) with an intensive regional survey designed to address five sources of uncertainty about parrot abundance in western Santa Catarina state (WSC), Brazil, in 2016 and 2017. We estimated abundance at both regional and whole-range scales using N-mixture models of replicated count data, which account for imperfect detection. The regional-scale estimate was 1826 ± 236 and 1896 ± 105 individuals for 2016 and 2017, respectively; global abundance was estimated at 7789 ± 655 and 8483 ± 693 individuals for the same two years. We found no statistical evidence of population change at either scale of the analysis. Although our assessments of abundance and geographic range are larger than those currently reported by the IUCN, we suggest the Vinaceous-breasted Parrot should remain in the ‘Endangered’ IUCN threat category pending further investigation of population trends. We recommend that roost-monitoring programs for parrots consider and address sources of uncertainty through adequate field protocols and statistical analyses, to better inform assessments of population size, trends, and threat status.Fil: Zulian, Viviane. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; BrasilFil: Müller, Eliara Solange. Universidade Comunitária Da Região de Chapecó; BrasilFil: Cockle, Kristina Louise. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú | Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Instituto de Biología Subtropical. Instituto de Biología Subtropical - Nodo Puerto Iguazú; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Salta. Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA. Universidad Nacional de Salta. Facultad de Ciencias Naturales. Museo de Ciencias Naturales. Instituto de Bio y Geociencias del NOA; ArgentinaFil: Lesterhuis, Arne. Guyra Paraguay; ParaguayFil: Tomasi Júnior, Roberto. Associação Amigos Do Meio Ambiente; BrasilFil: Prestes, Nêmora Pauletti. Associação Amigos Do Meio Ambiente; BrasilFil: Martinez, Jaime. Associação Amigos Do Meio Ambiente; Brasil. Universidade de Passo Fundo; BrasilFil: Kéry, Marc. Swiss Ornithological Institute; SuizaFil: Ferraz, Gonçalo. Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul; Brasi

Phalacrocoracidae Reichenbach 1849

Phalacrocoracidae [Leucocarbo bransfieldensis] (VAG):occurs in the Antarctic Peninsula and on South Shetland Islands (Orta, 1992b). In Brazil, its only record is of a band found in BA that belonged to an individual banded on the South Shetland Islands in Antarctica (Lima et al., 2001b).Published as part of Somenzari, Marina, Amaral, Priscilla Prudente do, Cueto, Víctor R., Guaraldo, André de Camargo, Jahn, Alex E., Lima, Diego Mendes, Lima, Pedro Cerqueira, Lugarini, Camile, Machado, Caio Graco, Martinez, Jaime, Nascimento, João Luiz Xavier do, Pacheco, José Fernando, Paludo, Danielle, Prestes, Nêmora Pauletti, Serafini, Patrícia Pereira, Silveira, Luís Fábio, Sousa, Antônio Emanuel Barreto Alves de, Sousa, Nathália Alves de, Souza, Manuella Andrade de, Telino-Júnior, Wallace Rodrigues & Whitney, Bret Myers, 2018, An overview of migratory birds in Brazil, pp. 1-66 in Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 58 on page 37, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2018.58.03, http://zenodo.org/record/523467

Vireonidae Swainson 1837

Vireonidae Vireo flavoviridis (VAG): is a visitor from the north that nests in Central America, migrates to northwestern South America in September (Sick, 1997) and overwinters mainly east of the Andes in the Peruvian and Bolivian Amazon and in western Brazil (Brewer & Orenstein,2010). This species has been observed in western AC and specimens have been collected in western AM (Whittaker & Oren, 1999; Whitney & Pacheco, 2000) and in AC (MPEG). There are also photographic records for MT in October and for AC in January and March (WikiAves, 2016).Published as part of Somenzari, Marina, Amaral, Priscilla Prudente do, Cueto, Víctor R., Guaraldo, André de Camargo, Jahn, Alex E., Lima, Diego Mendes, Lima, Pedro Cerqueira, Lugarini, Camile, Machado, Caio Graco, Martinez, Jaime, Nascimento, João Luiz Xavier do, Pacheco, José Fernando, Paludo, Danielle, Prestes, Nêmora Pauletti, Serafini, Patrícia Pereira, Silveira, Luís Fábio, Sousa, Antônio Emanuel Barreto Alves de, Sousa, Nathália Alves de, Souza, Manuella Andrade de, Telino-Júnior, Wallace Rodrigues & Whitney, Bret Myers, 2018, An overview of migratory birds in Brazil, pp. 1-66 in Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 58 on page 41, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2018.58.03, http://zenodo.org/record/523467

Accipitridae Vigors 1824

Accipitridae Milvus migrans (VAG): occurs in almost the entire Old Word and Australasia, and the nominotypical subspecies is highly migratory. It breeds in continental Europe, northwestern Africa and western Asia, and overwinters mainly south of the Sahara in Africa (Ferguson-Lees & Christie, 2001). Vagrant individuals have been recorded in New Zealand and on Hawaiian islands in the Pacific. One adult individual was recently recorded in the Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago, 1,100 km away from the Brazilian coast,between April 16 th and May 17 th 2014, probably by following winds from northwestern Africa (Nunes et al., 2015) that are tangent to the main flyway used by this species when moving between the wintering and breeding areas in western Europe (Sergio et al., 2014). [Geranoaetus polyosoma] (VAG): occurs from central Andes in Colombia to Patagonia, Tierra del Fuego, Malvinas /Falklands and Juan Fernández Islands on the coast of Chile (Bierregaard, 1994). During austral winter, birds from the Chilean Andes and from Patagonia fly north to subtropical plains in northern and eastern Argentina, Paraguay and perhaps Uruguay (Thiollay, 1994). In Brazil, there are few records: none is documented and only one has a specific locality on Cabo Frio Island in Arraial do Cabo/RJ (Pacheco, 2005).Published as part of Somenzari, Marina, Amaral, Priscilla Prudente do, Cueto, Víctor R., Guaraldo, André de Camargo, Jahn, Alex E., Lima, Diego Mendes, Lima, Pedro Cerqueira, Lugarini, Camile, Machado, Caio Graco, Martinez, Jaime, Nascimento, João Luiz Xavier do, Pacheco, José Fernando, Paludo, Danielle, Prestes, Nêmora Pauletti, Serafini, Patrícia Pereira, Silveira, Luís Fábio, Sousa, Antônio Emanuel Barreto Alves de, Sousa, Nathália Alves de, Souza, Manuella Andrade de, Telino-Júnior, Wallace Rodrigues & Whitney, Bret Myers, 2018, An overview of migratory birds in Brazil, pp. 1-66 in Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 58 on page 38, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2018.58.03, http://zenodo.org/record/523467

Spheniscidae Bonaparte 1831

Spheniscidae Spheniscus magellanicus (MGT): occurs in Chile, Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil. It departs from its breeding site in Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego in April and migrates at each austral winter to the mouth of the Plata River, Uruguayan coast and southern and southeastern Brazil north to the state of RJ (Sick, 1997; ICMBio, 2010). It reaches Brazil in mid-May and departs from the coast in September (Antas, 1987). It is vagrant in northeastern Brazil and records in this region have been increasing (Martínez, 1992), which suggests that this region is an extension of the wintering area of the species, especially since 2008 (Dantas et al., 2013). Photografic and museum records endorse a major Brazilian occurence of the species in the period between June and December from RS until RJ. Outside this period there are few isolated records to RJ, SC and RS (WikiAves, 2016; MZUSP; MNRJ).Published as part of Somenzari, Marina, Amaral, Priscilla Prudente do, Cueto, Víctor R., Guaraldo, André de Camargo, Jahn, Alex E., Lima, Diego Mendes, Lima, Pedro Cerqueira, Lugarini, Camile, Machado, Caio Graco, Martinez, Jaime, Nascimento, João Luiz Xavier do, Pacheco, José Fernando, Paludo, Danielle, Prestes, Nêmora Pauletti, Serafini, Patrícia Pereira, Silveira, Luís Fábio, Sousa, Antônio Emanuel Barreto Alves de, Sousa, Nathália Alves de, Souza, Manuella Andrade de, Telino-Júnior, Wallace Rodrigues & Whitney, Bret Myers, 2018, An overview of migratory birds in Brazil, pp. 1-66 in Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 58 on page 3, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2018.58.03, http://zenodo.org/record/523467

Cathartidae Lafresnaye 1839

Cathartidae [Vultur gryphus] (VAG): occurs in the Andes from Venezuela to Tierra del Fuego, and at sea level in Peru and Chile (Houston, 1994). In Brazil, there are only two old, occasional and undocumented records: on the Jauru River/ Mato Grosso (MT) and western PR (Sick, 1997).Published as part of Somenzari, Marina, Amaral, Priscilla Prudente do, Cueto, Víctor R., Guaraldo, André de Camargo, Jahn, Alex E., Lima, Diego Mendes, Lima, Pedro Cerqueira, Lugarini, Camile, Machado, Caio Graco, Martinez, Jaime, Nascimento, João Luiz Xavier do, Pacheco, José Fernando, Paludo, Danielle, Prestes, Nêmora Pauletti, Serafini, Patrícia Pereira, Silveira, Luís Fábio, Sousa, Antônio Emanuel Barreto Alves de, Sousa, Nathália Alves de, Souza, Manuella Andrade de, Telino-Júnior, Wallace Rodrigues & Whitney, Bret Myers, 2018, An overview of migratory birds in Brazil, pp. 1-66 in Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 58 on page 38, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2018.58.03, http://zenodo.org/record/523467

Columbidae Leach 1820

Columbidae Zenaida auriculata (ND): out of the four subspecies that occur in Brazil, Z. a. noronha occurs in the semiarid Caatinga in the Northeast region and presents large population variations because of flock gatherings during the rainy season while searching for breeding sites, where it forms breeding colonies with thousands of nests (Azevedo-Júnior & Antas, 1990). It seems to breed itinerantly in the Northeast (Bucher, 1982), which is corroborated by banding data from up to 2005 (SNA, 2016). According to this pattern, the first colonies appeared around the middle of the São Francisco River in Bahia (BA) between February and March. The species appeared soon after in western Pernambuco (PE),southern CE and southwestern Piauí (PI) and then, between May and June, in southern central PE (Sertão do Pajeú), Seridó region (on the border between PB and RN) and RN (Azevedo-Júnior & Antas, 1990). However, there is an annual change in total precipitation in the Caatinga that may favor the opportunist occurrence of colonies in places they do not usually occur in years of irregular precipitation (Azevedo-Júnior & Antas,1990).The species has been classified as migratory (except for in Fernando de Noronha/PE, where it is resident) because it moves in response to rain movements in the Caatinga (Antas, 1987; Azevedo-Júnior & Antas, 1990; Souza et al., 2007), slowly flying from the southwest to the northeast (Nimer, 1977). However, Sick (1983) states that it is not every year that this species gathers by the thousands in the Northeast, and this, when associated to the fact that it can be observed in the Northeast during the entire year (WikiAves, 2016) without a clear seasonal population fluctuation, conflicts with its classification as migratory.For this reason,the species is here classified as not defined.Published as part of Somenzari, Marina, Amaral, Priscilla Prudente do, Cueto, Víctor R., Guaraldo, André de Camargo, Jahn, Alex E., Lima, Diego Mendes, Lima, Pedro Cerqueira, Lugarini, Camile, Machado, Caio Graco, Martinez, Jaime, Nascimento, João Luiz Xavier do, Pacheco, José Fernando, Paludo, Danielle, Prestes, Nêmora Pauletti, Serafini, Patrícia Pereira, Silveira, Luís Fábio, Sousa, Antônio Emanuel Barreto Alves de, Sousa, Nathália Alves de, Souza, Manuella Andrade de, Telino-Júnior, Wallace Rodrigues & Whitney, Bret Myers, 2018, An overview of migratory birds in Brazil, pp. 1-66 in Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 58 on page 43, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2018.58.03, http://zenodo.org/record/523467

Parulidae Wetmore, Friedmann, Lincoln, Miller, Peters, van Rossem, Van Tyne & Zimmer 1947

Parulidae Setophaga ruticilla (MGT): breeds in Alaska, Canada and eastern USA and migrates to Central America, Caribbean and northwestern South America, as well as to southern USA in small numbers (Curson, 2016a). In Brazil, it occurs only in the Amazon: in RR with records between September and April(Stotz et al., 1992; Sick,1997;WikiAves,2016), and in AM with records in January (WikiAves, 2016), April and November (Stotz et al., 1992) and October (MPEG 43351). This species departs from breeding areas in North America between July and September and reaches South America in October, returning from late March on and arriving at the breeding site in April-May (Curson, 2016a). It seems to exhibit higher fidelity to wintering areas in the Neotropics than to breeding areas in the North Temperate Zone, probably because individuals remain in the wintering area during their first year of life (Holmes & Sherry, 1992). Populations from the west of the wintering area originate from the northwest of the breeding areas and populations from the east of the wintering area originate from the east and south of the breeding areas. In general, this species reduces its migration distance by flying mainly along a north-south axis between its breeding and wintering sites (Norris et al., 2006). Setophaga petechia (MGT): occurs from Canada and the USA to northern South America in Colombia, Venezuela and northwestern Brazil. Individuals overwinter from western and southern Mexico to the south through Central America and in northern South America from southern to northern Bolivia and in the Brazilian Amazon (Curson, 2010). In Brazil,records are restricted to the period of September to May in the Amazon region in the states of RR, AP, AM, PA (Stotz et al., 1992; WikiAves, 2016; MPEG). Setophaga striata (MGT): originates from North America overwinters regularly in Amazonian lowlands, and its main wintering site in South America is in the Orinoco and Upper Amazon (Sick, 1997). This species arrives in Brazil between September and October (Sick, 1997) and visits forest edges and conserved forests in Manaus/ AM. In Brazilian amazon records are centered in the period between November and April (Stotz et al., 1992). In southeastern Brazil, it occurs only occasionally (Curson, 2010), with records for RJ from January to May (Sick, 1997). Photographic and museum records confirm the pattern found in the literature: the species is present in RR, AP, AM and PA between October and May, in BA in January, in Distrito Federal (DF) in April, in MG in May, in RJ in February and March, and in SP in March (WikiAves, 2016; MZUSP 103227 [SP; 1969, March]; MPEG), which defines it as a boreal winter migrant.Published as part of Somenzari, Marina, Amaral, Priscilla Prudente do, Cueto, Víctor R., Guaraldo, André de Camargo, Jahn, Alex E., Lima, Diego Mendes, Lima, Pedro Cerqueira, Lugarini, Camile, Machado, Caio Graco, Martinez, Jaime, Nascimento, João Luiz Xavier do, Pacheco, José Fernando, Paludo, Danielle, Prestes, Nêmora Pauletti, Serafini, Patrícia Pereira, Silveira, Luís Fábio, Sousa, Antônio Emanuel Barreto Alves de, Sousa, Nathália Alves de, Souza, Manuella Andrade de, Telino-Júnior, Wallace Rodrigues & Whitney, Bret Myers, 2018, An overview of migratory birds in Brazil, pp. 1-66 in Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 58 on pages 21-22, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2018.58.03, http://zenodo.org/record/523467

Pelecanidae Rafinesque 1815

Pelecanidae Pelecanus occidentalis (VAG): occurs on the coast of the American continent on the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, wandering north as far as British Columbia and Nova Scotia in Canada and south as far as Tierra del Fuego (Elliott, 1992). During its migration south, it can reach inland rivers in AM – the Tapajós and Branco Rivers (Sick, 1997). It has been recorded for the Amazônia National Park (AM and PA) in January (Kasecker & Silva, 2011), PA in November (Almeida-Santos et al., 2015) and December (MPEG 443) and AL in December (Patrial et al., 2011).Published as part of Somenzari, Marina, Amaral, Priscilla Prudente do, Cueto, Víctor R., Guaraldo, André de Camargo, Jahn, Alex E., Lima, Diego Mendes, Lima, Pedro Cerqueira, Lugarini, Camile, Machado, Caio Graco, Martinez, Jaime, Nascimento, João Luiz Xavier do, Pacheco, José Fernando, Paludo, Danielle, Prestes, Nêmora Pauletti, Serafini, Patrícia Pereira, Silveira, Luís Fábio, Sousa, Antônio Emanuel Barreto Alves de, Sousa, Nathália Alves de, Souza, Manuella Andrade de, Telino-Júnior, Wallace Rodrigues & Whitney, Bret Myers, 2018, An overview of migratory birds in Brazil, pp. 1-66 in Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 58 on page 37, DOI: 10.11606/1807-0205/2018.58.03, http://zenodo.org/record/523467