Макс Вебер о "свободе от оценки" и "трезвости суждений": от моральной силы университетов к силе "личности"

Present paper is dedicated to categories of "freedom from value judgments" and "sobriety of judgment" in Max Weber's theory. The author examines them in three contexts: as a logical principle of science, as Weber's position in university politics, and as elements of his conceptions of "personality" and "life conduct". The author shows that the principle of "freedom" as a logical requirement is a necessary but insufficient condition for objectivity in social sciences. In actuality, it aims to separate the heterogeneous spheres of facts and practical judgments. However, an implementation of this separation in research practice cannot be realized without other elements of Weber's logical-methodological arsenal: value interpretation and nomological knowledge. At the same time, the internal structure of ideal types turns out to be insufficient to preserve the objectivity of judgments, if they turn into logically perfect, but still practical "samples". Therefore, the demand for "freedom from value judgments" and the personal readiness of scientists to follow exclusively the values of science again becomes necessary and functionally significant. In the context of university politics, the lack of academic self-control in evaluations undermines the moral strength of educational institutions and the unity of the university system. That is why abstinence in practical evaluations becomes a tool for Weber to reassemble the construction of "academic freedom" proposed by Karl von Amira. At the same time, "freedom from value judgments" is a condition for the independence and dignity of scientists as "personalities" in science. Moreover, the lack of a "sobriety of judgment" and the inability to consciously serve the chosen matter is a threat, according to Weber, to the consistent "life conduct" of the modern person. The author concludes that the participation of a young Weber in the organization of courses in 1893 dedicated to the high-quality theoretical training of clergy can be considered as one of his first steps in posing the problems of the "sobriety of judgment" and rational "life conduct" - in this case, of scientists and the clergy. The translation of Weber's small newspaper article about the upcoming courses, presented in the present issue of "Sociology of Power", thus expands the conventional and common set of Weber's texts concerning the problems of "freedom from value judgments" and "sobriety of judgment"

"Политеизм ценностей" Макса Вебера: контексты, происхождение, логико-методологические основания

Weber's concept of "vocation" in science implies "anti-monumentalism": research can always be continued, and the results obtained can be used in 69 various ways. The scientist cannot be completely aware of the final impact of their work, so they are faced with a paradox of consequences. This paradox is based on value polytheism, a concept put forward by Weber. There are two ideas central to polytheism: first, one must recognize the internal logic of value spheres and, second, one must consider their fundamental incommensurability. But how does this idea emerge in Weber's theory? Interpretations of value polytheism as a "fact" of a cultural situation and as the logical foundation of science do not allow one to answer the question of its origin. The conceptual bridge is found in Weber's sociology of religion. Tenbruck's, Schluchter's, and Hennis's models are examined to identify variations of value polytheism. However, their macro-orientation does not demonstrate the internal structure and functioning of polytheism. The present paper explicates the logical-methodological foundations of Weber's scientific programme to clarify these points. Primarily, it investigates the problem of the consequences of an action carried out in a "vocation" mode and the boundaries of "adequate" causal explanations as presented in Weber's works. It makes it possible to consider Weber's value polytheism and concepts associated with it not as value metaphysics or unreasonable axioms, but as a methodologically based conceptual apparatus

Simple proof of gauge invariance for the S-matrix element of strong-field photoionization

The relationship between the length gauge (LG) and the velocity gauge (VG) exact forms of the photoionization probability amplitude is considered. Our motivation for this paper comes from applications of the Keldysh-Faisal-Reiss (KFR) theory, which describes atoms (or ions) in a strong laser field (in the nonrelativistic approach, in the dipole approximation). On the faith of a certain widely-accepted assumption, we present a simple proof that the well-known LG form of the exact photoionization (or photodetachment) probability amplitude is indeed the gauge-invariant result. In contrast, to obtain the VG form of this probability amplitude, one has to either (i) neglect the well-known Goeppert-Mayer exponential factor (which assures gauge invariance) during all the time evolution of the ionized electron or (ii) put some conditions on the vector potential of the laser field.Comment: The paper was initially submitted (in a previous version) on 16 October 2006 to J. Phys. A and rejected. This is the extended version (with 2 figures), which is identical to the paper published online on 12 December 2007 in Physica Script

Hybrid heterostructures with superconducting/antiferromagnetic interfaces

We report on structural, DC, X-ray and neutron studies of hybrid superconducting mesa-heterostructures with a cuprate antiferromagnetic interlayer Ca1-xSrxCuO2 (CSCO). The upper electrode was bilayer Nb/Au superconductor and copper oxide superconductor YBa2Cu3O7 (YBCO) was the bottom electrode. It was experimentally shown that during the epitaxial growth of the two films YBCO and CSCO a charge carrier doping takes place in the CSCO interlayer with a depth about 20 nm. The conductivity of the doped part of CSCO layer is close to the metal type, while the reference CSCO film, deposited directly on NdGaO3 substrate, behaves as Mott insulator with the hopping conductivity. The interface Au/CSCO is clearly seen on bright-field image of the cross-section of heterostructure and gives the main contribution to the total resistance of mesa-heterostructure.Comment: 16 pages, 9 figure

MAGNETOELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF MZF − PZT/EPOXY AND MZF − PZT TWO-LAYER COMPOSITES

Under different experimental conditions, magnetoelectric properties of two-layer composites based on manganese zinc ferrite and lead zirconate titanate piezoceramics were studied.Работа выполнена при поддержке Министерства науки и высшего образования в рамках государственного задания (FZGM-2023-0006)

Nephelometric Method for Determination of Growth Parameters of Chlorella Culture

Nephelometric method for the determination of growth parameters of chlorella culture using a photoelectric colorimeter was described. Use of photoelectric colorimeter for cell counting in suspension requires periodic calibration of meter readings using chlorella standard culture (with a certain cell concentration). Chlorella vulgaris IPPAS С-66, IPPAS С-111 and IPPAS С-2019 strains served as object of research. Density of initial in vitro suspensions (after inoculation) was 0.9 mln cells/ml. Cultivation was carried out during 12 days on a Hoagland medium with a pH of 7 (temperature of 35∘C, illumination of 10 klx). Sample selection for analysis and measurement was carried out daily, three times per day. Based on the obtained data, readings of photoelectric colorimeter KFK-3.01 were calibrated via direct count of chlorella cells quantity in Goryaev’s chamber. Use of calibration curve made it possible to reduce significantly time and error in determination of cell number in suspension cultures. The proposed technique allows counting chlorella cells in the growth and development dynamics with sufficient accuracy, high sensitivity, reproducibility and speed. It can be used for comparative determination of the growth parameters of strains in vitro, standardization of suspension cultures, semi-quantitative determination of chlorella biomass in order to predict the yield of desired product

Selective excitation of metastable atomic states by femto- and attosecond laser pulses

The possibility of achieving highly selective excitation of low metastable states of hydrogen and helium atoms by using short laser pulses with reasonable parameters is demonstrated theoretically. Interactions of atoms with the laser field are studied by solving the close-coupling equations without discretization. The parameters of laser pulses are calculated using different kinds of optimization procedures. For the excitation durations of hundreds of femtoseconds direct optimization of the parameters of one and two laser pulses with Gaussian envelopes is used to introduce a number of simple schemes of selective excitation. To treat the case of shorter excitation durations, optimal control theory is used and the calculated optimal fields are approximated by sequences of pulses with reasonable shapes. A new way to achieve selective excitation of metastable atomic states by using sequences of attosecond pulses is introduced.Comment: To be published in Phys. Rev. A, 10 pages, 3 figure