Immunostimulatory effect of <i style="">Tinospora cordifolia</i> Miers leaf extract in <i style="">Oreochromis mossambicus</i>

726-732Immunostimulatory effect of leaf extract of T. cordifolia on (i) specific immunity (antibody response), (ii) non-specific immunity (neutrophil activity) and (iii) disease resistance against Aeromonas hydrophila was investigated in O. mossambicus. Ethanol and petroleum ether extracts of the leaves were used. Both ethanol and petroleum ether extracts administered at doses of 0.8, 8 or 80 mg/kg body weight, prolonged the peak primary antibody titres upto one to three weeks. Ethanol extract at the dose of 8 mg/kg and petroleum ether extract at the doses of 0.8 or 8 mg/kg enhanced the secondary antibody response. All the doses of ethanol extract significantly enhanced neutrophil activity. Fish injected with petroleum ether or ethanol extract at a dose of 8 mg/kg were protected against experimental infection with virulent A. hydrophila. The results indicates the potential of T. cordifolia leaf extracts for use as an immunoprophylactic to prevent diseases in finfish aquaculture

Coordination chemistry of chromium-salen complexes studied by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry

The gas-phase coordination behavior of the [CrIII(Salen)]PF6 complex at the free axial positions has been studied in the presence of amines as ligands (propylamine and a series of diamines) under electrospray ionization conditions. The [CrIII(Salen)]+ complex formed stable five- and six-coordinated complex ions, [CrIII(Salen)(L)]+ and [CrIII(Salen)(L)2]+, respectively, where L = solvent molecule or amine. When diamines were used as ligands, abundant [CrIII(Salen)(L)]+ ions were observed in which two axial positions of the [CrIII(Salen)]+ species are occupied by the two amino groups of the diamine ligand. The relative abundances of ligated complex ions, fragment ions, and solvent adducts of fragment ions in the ESI mass spectra, were found to depend on the cone voltage used to record the spectrum. The ESI mass spectra of [CrIII(Salen)]+ in the presence of diamines as ligands, and experiments on ligand-pickup in the collision cell, clearly demonstrated that the [CrIII(Salen)(L)]+ complex ion is stable for 1,2-diaminoethane and 1,3-diaminopropane. The stability of [CrIII(Salen)(L)]+ ions gradually decreased from 1,4-diaminobutane to 1,6-diaminohexane, and then showed a slight increase for 1,7-diaminoheptane and 1,8-diaminooctane. The collision-induced dissociation spectra of [CrIII(Salen)(L)]+ ions support the above observations