Introduction: Legal Form and Cultural Symbol – Music, Copyright and Information Studies

Writers in information and communication studies often assume the stability of objects under investigation: network nodes, databases, information. Legal writers in the intellectual property tradition often assume that cultural artefacts exist as objects prior to being governed by copyright law. Both assumptions are fallacious. This introduction conceptualises the relationship of legal form and cultural symbol. Starting from an understanding of copyright law as part of systems of production (in the sense of Peterson 1976), it is argued that copyright law constructs the artefacts it seeks to regulate as objects that can be bought and sold. In doing so, the legal and aesthetic logic of cultural symbols may clash, as in the case of digital music (the central focus of this special issue)

Seismic Array Studies of Antarctica and Madagascar

The scope of this dissertation is broad, involving seismic array studies from Antarctica and Madagascar, and includes aspects of glaciology and oceanography as well as solid Earth geophysics. Chapter 2 focuses on the study of stickslip motion of the Whillans Ice Stream, West Antarctica. It includes methods combining seismic array and GPS time series, from ice stream based-sensors, to determine source dynamics in the framework of an earthquake source. The source characteristics are then analyzed to explain far-field seismic observations of ice stream- sourced surface waves detected throughout West Antarctica. Locations of asperities, or sticky- spots, that cause the Whillans Ice Stream to accelerate and generate seismic energy are found. Some of these asperities are in close proximity to the grounding line, where properties of the bed are altered through tidal flexure of the ice shelf and the influx of water into the subglacial till. Chapter 3 explores ocean generated microseismic noise that is also detected on these ice stream seismometers, with the geometry of the array providing excellent azimuthal resolution. Stacked cross-correlations of seismograms enhance microseismic energy generated by the Southern Ocean in the form of both surface and body waves. The frequency spectra of these waves is analyzed as well as applying seismic array techniques, such as beamforming. Each frequency band provides different information on the source regions of that particular microseism suggesting multiple source mechanisms. Microseisms are modeled using ocean state hindcasts to compare with observations and identify microseism source regions and improve understanding of the effect of sea ice. It is shown that single-frequency microseisms are heavily damped by the presence of sea ice over the continental shelf. Long-period double frequency microseisms are observed and modeled to be sourced in the deep ocean. Short-period double frequency microseisms are also influenced by sea ice seasonality; however, this chapter provides evidence that shows that a component of this band may be sourced in the deep ocean. The focus of Chapter 4 moves away from Antarctica, to Madagascar and the analysis of the first island-wide deployment of broadband seismometers. The priorities of this project are to better understand the crustal and upper mantle structure of Madagascar, and to assess the intraplate volcanism on the island from a seismological point of view for the first time. This chapter presents a surface wave tomography study producing the first shear velocity model of the crust and upper mantle of the island. A range of commonly employed surface wave methods is used to calculate phase velocities across the island. These are then amalgamated and inverted for shear velocity in the crust and the upper mantle. Low velocity regions are shown to extend to upper mantle depths beneath the center and north of the island above which lie intraplate volcanic provinces. This suggests that the mantle lithosphere has been significantly thinned, explaining the relatively high topography observed for a fragment of continental crust

History of Slavery in Texas and the Southwest Number 10 Free Negroes in Texas to 1860

The purpose;of this study is to present the free Negro in and to observe his status in a co-existent culture, also to arrive at a conclusion that will portray the true character of the free Negro in the Texas Community. The scope of this study entails the coming of the Anglo-white, circa 1820, to the year of 1860 which marks the conflict between the North and South. The method that has been employed in presenting the Free Negro in Texas is topical. This method has been chosen because it enables the writer to group the information in such a category so as the reader may obtain a clear concept of the factors that are involved in this study. The sources that are used in the study are comprised of census reports, petitions, deeds and records, state congressional journals, newspapers, biographies, general and special histories, and articles and essays found in the professional journals

The hydration state of HO−^-(aq)

The HO$^-$(aq) ion participates in myriad aqueous phase chemical processes of biological and chemical interest. A molecularly valid description of its hydration state, currently poorly understood, is a natural prerequisite to modeling chemical transformations involving HO$^-$(aq). Here it is shown that the statistical mechanical quasi-chemical theory of solutions predicts that $\mathrm{HO\cdot[H_2O]_3{}^-}$ is the dominant inner shell coordination structure for HO$^-$(aq) under standard conditions. Experimental observations and other theoretical calculations are adduced to support this conclusion. Hydration free energies of neutral combinations of simple cations with HO$^-$(aq) are evaluated and agree well with experimental values.Comment: 10 pages, 1 figur

Exploring Effective Professional Development Strategies for In-Service Teachers on Guiding Beginning Readers to Become More Metacognitive in Their Oral Reading

This case study explored professional development centered on explicit teaching strategies with in-service first-grade teachers as they engaged beginning readers to consider stronger self-awareness of their thinking processes as they read. In this paper, we report on how teacher beliefs shifted regarding the impact of explicit versus implicit instructional practices that increased their students’ metacognitive awareness and regulation. Teachers adopted specific instructional strategies over the course of the professional development that positively impacted their students’ achievement, including one teacher’s use of peer coaching. As teachers observed their students doing more than they thought they were capable of, their beliefs about beginning readers’ capabilities to selfmonitor their oral reading and explain their thinking processes increased, thus positively impacting the value they placed on the role of explicit metacognitive instruction in early literacy instruction. Our study demonstrated effective components of professional development include integrating reflective and collective reflection within a teacher-driven inquiry model