Optimisation of photoluminescent painting treatments on different surface layers

Improving drivers visibility in night time conditions is vital. Night-time visibility represents one of the most important features of road safety. Within such context, the use of photoluminescent road markings could represent an enhancement with regard to road safety. Consequently, the objective of the investigation here described was confined into the analysis of photoluminescent paints by referring to dense-graded and open-graded friction courses. Measurements, based on photometry technique, were carried out in the laboratory. Cores extracted from the surface layer of known pavements were used. Transitory effects (charge and discharge) and decay phenomena were investigated and modelled as a function of treatment and pavement characteristics (paint quantity, hot mix asphalt volumetrics, etc.). The results highlight that the photoluminescent performance depends on the volumetric characteristics of bituminous mixtures. Results can benefit both researchers and practitioners and can allow optimising painting treatments for different bituminous mixtures

Local Amplification of Platelet Function by 8-Epi Prostaglandin F2α Is Not Mediated by Thromboxane Receptor Isoforms

8-epi-Prostaglandin (PG) F2alpha may be formed by cyclooxygenases 1 and 2 or by a free radical catalyzed process as an isoprostane. Concentrations of 8-epi-PGF2alpha in the range 1 nM to 1 microM induce a dose-dependent increase in platelet shape change, in calcium release from intracellular stores [Ca2+]iand in inositol phosphates; it also causes irreversible platelet aggregation, dependent on thromboxane generation, when incubated with subthreshold concentrations of ADP, thrombin, collagen, and arachidonic acid. Much higher concentrations of 8-epi-PGF2alpha (10-20 microM) alone induce weak, reversible aggregation. Although these effects are prevented by pharmacological thromboxane receptor antagonists, they are unlikely to be mediated by thromboxane receptors. Thus, 8-epi-PGF2alpha does not compete for binding at the stably expressed placental or endothelial isoforms of the thromboxane receptor or for binding of thromboxane ligands to human platelets. Furthermore, the response to 8-epi PGF2alpha exhibits structural specificity versus 8-epi PGF3alpha and PGF2alpha. Concentrations in the range that evoke its effects on platelets do not desensitize the aggregation response stimulated by thromboxane or PGH2 analogs. Unlike primary prostaglandins, which are rapidly metabolized to inactive products, 8-epi PGF2alpha circulates in plasma. However, the systemic concentrations found in healthy volunteers (median 48 pmol/liter) and in patients with hepatic cirrhosis (median 147 pmol/liter), a syndrome of oxidant stress in vivo, fall well below those which modulate platelet function. 8-Epi PGF2alpha may amplify the response to platelet agonists in syndromes where oxidant stress and platelet activation coincide. Despite blockade by thromboxane antagonists, 8-epi PGF2alpha does not activate either of the thromboxane receptor isoforms described in platelets. Activation of a distinct receptor would be consistent with the enzymatic formation of 8-epi PGF2alpha by cyclooxygenases. However, incidental activation of such a receptor by systemic concentrations of 8-epi PGF2alpha is unlikely to occur, even in syndromes of excessive free radical generation in vivo

Sensor-based pavement diagnostic using acoustic signature for moduli estimation

AbstractThe diffusion of smart infrastructures for smart cities provides new opportunities for the improvement of both road infrastructure monitoring and maintenance management.Often pavement management is based on the periodic assessment of the elastic modulus of the bound layers (i.e., asphalt concrete layers) by means of traditional systems, such as Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) and Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD). Even if these methods are reliable, well-known, and widespread, they are quite complex, expensive, and are not able to provide updated information about the evolving structural health condition of the road pavement. Hence, more advanced, effective, and economical monitoring systems can be used to solve the problems mentioned above.Consequently, the main objective of the study presented in this paper is to present and apply an innovative solution that can be used to make smarter the road pavement monitoring. In more detail, an innovative Non-Destructive Test (NDT)-based sensing unit was used to gather the vibro-acoustic signatures of road pavements with different deterioration levels (e.g. with and without fatigue cracks) of an urban road. Meaningful features were extracted from the aforementioned acoustic signature and the correlation with the elastic modulus defined using GPR and FWD data was investigated.Results show that some of the features have a good correlation with the elastic moduli of the road section under investigation. Consequently, the innovative solution could be used to evaluate the variability of elastic modulus of the asphalt concrete layers, and to monitor with continuity the deterioration of road pavements under the traffic loads

Congenital generalized hypertrichosis: The skin as a clue to complex malformation syndromes

Hypertrichosis is defined as an excessive growth in body hair beyond the normal variation compared with individuals of the same age, race and sex and affecting areas not predominantly androgen-dependent. The term hirsutism is usually referred to patients, mainly women, who show excessive hair growth with male pattern distribution. Hypertrichosis is classified according to age of onset (congenital or acquired), extent of distribution (generalized or circumscribed), site involved, and to whether the disorder is isolated or associated with other anomalies. Congenital hypertrichosis is rare and may be an isolated condition of the skin or a component feature of other disorders. Acquired hypertrichosis is more frequent and is secondary to a variety of causes including drug side effects, metabolic and endocrine disorders, cutaneous auto-inflammatory or infectious diseases, malnutrition and anorexia nervosa, and ovarian and adrenal neoplasms. In most cases, hypertrichosis is not an isolated symptom but is associated with other clinical signs including intellective delay, epilepsy or complex body malformations. A review of congenital generalized hypertrichosis is reported with particular attention given to the disorders where excessive diffuse body hair is a sign indicating the presence of complex malformation syndromes. The clinical course of a patient, previously described, with a 20-year follow-up is reported

Biomarkers of intake for coffee, tea and sweetened beverages

Non-alcoholic beverages are important sources of nutrients and bioactive compounds that may influence human health and increase or decrease the risk of chronic diseases. A wide variety of beverage constituents are absorbed in the gut, found in the systemic circulation and excreted in urine. They may be used as compliance markers in intervention studies or as biomarkers of intake to improve measurements of beverage consumption in cohort studies and reveal new associations with disease outcomes that may have been overlooked when using dietary questionnaires. Here, biomarkers of intake of some major non-alcoholic beverages coffee, tea, sugar-sweetened beverages, and low-calorie-sweetened beverages are reviewed. Results from dietary intervention studies and observational studies are reviewed and analyzed, and respective strengths and weaknesses of the various identified biomarkers discussed. A variety of compounds derived from phenolic acids, alkaloids, and terpenes were shown to be associated with coffee intake and trigonelline and cyclo(isoleucylprolyl) showed a particularly high specificity for coffee intake. Epigallocatechin and 4′-O-methylepigallocatechin appear to be the most sensitive and specific biomarkers for green or black tea, while 4-O-methylgallic acid may be used to assess black tea consumption. Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages has been assessed through the measurement of carbon-13 enrichment of whole blood or of blood alanine in North America where sugar from sugarcane or corn is used as a main ingredient. The most useful biomarkers for low-calorie-sweetened beverages are the low-calorie sweeteners themselves. Further studies are needed to validate these biomarkers in larger and independent populations and to further evaluate their specificity, reproducibility over time, and fields of application

Validation of biomarkers of food intake¿critical assessment of candidate biomarkers

Biomarkers of food intake (BFIs) are a promising tool for limiting misclassification in nutrition research where more subjective dietary assessment instruments are used. They may also be used to assess compliance to dietary guidelines or to a dietary intervention. Biomarkers therefore hold promise for direct and objective measurement of food intake. However, the number of comprehensively validated biomarkers of food intake is limited to just a few. Many new candidate biomarkers emerge from metabolic profiling studies and from advances in food chemistry. Furthermore, candidate food intake biomarkers may also be identified based on extensive literature reviews such as described in the guidelines for Biomarker of Food Intake Reviews (BFIRev). To systematically and critically assess the validity of candidate biomarkers of food intake, it is necessary to outline and streamline an optimal and reproducible validation process. A consensus-based procedure was used to provide and evaluate a set of the most important criteria for systematic validation of BFIs. As a result, a validation procedure was developed including eight criteria, plausibility, dose-response, time-response, robustness, reliability, stability, analytical performance, and inter-laboratory reproducibility. The validation has a dual purpose: (1) to estimate the current level of validation of candidate biomarkers of food intake based on an objective and systematic approach and (2) to pinpoint which additional studies are needed to provide full validation of each candidate biomarker of food intake. This position paper on biomarker of food intake validation outlines the second step of the BFIRev procedure but may also be used as such for validation of new candidate biomarkers identified, e.g., in food metabolomic studies

Knockout of 5-Lipoxygenase Results in Age-Dependent Anxiety-Like Behavior in Female Mice

The enzyme 5-lipoxygenase (5LO) has been implicated in a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders including anxiety. Knockout of 5LO has previously been shown to alter anxiety-like behavior in mice at a young age but the effect of 5LO knockout on older animals has not been characterized.Here we used the elevated plus maze behavioral paradigm to measure anxiety-like behavior in female mice lacking 5LO (5LO-KO) at three different ages. Adolescent 5LO-KO animals did not significantly differ from wild-type (WT) animals in anxiety-like behavior. However, adult and older mice exhibited increased anxiety-like behavior compared to WT controls.These results indicate that 5LO plays a role in the development of the anxiety-like phenotype in an age-dependent manner in female mice. Future work should further investigate this interaction as 5LO may prove to be an important molecular target for the development of novel anxiolytic therapies

Early Immunotherapy and Longer Corticosteroid Treatment Are Associated With Lower Risk of Relapsing Disease Course in Pediatric MOGAD

Background and Objectives We sought to identify early factors associated with relapse and outcome in paediatric-onset myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disorders (MOGAD). Methods In a multicenter retrospective cohort of pediatric MOGAD (≤18 years), onset features and treatment were compared in patients with monophasic vs relapsing disease (including cases with follow-up ≥12 months after onset or relapse at any time) and in patients with final Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) 0 vs ≥1 at last follow-up (including cases with followup >3 months after last event or EDSS0 at any time). Multivariable logistic regression models were used to evaluate factors associated with relapsing disease course and EDSS ≥ 1 at final follow-up. Results Seventy-five children were included (median onset age 7 years; median 30 months of follow-up). Presentation with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis was more frequent in children aged 8 years or younger (66.7%, 28/42) than in older patients (30.3%, 10/33) (p = 0.002), whereas presentation with optic neuritis was more common in children older than 8 years (57.6%, 19/33) than in younger patients (21.4%, 9/42) (p = 0.001). 40.0% (26/65) of patients relapsed. Time to first relapse was longer in children aged 8 years or younger than in older patients (median 18 vs 4 months) (p = 0.013). Factors at first event independently associated with lower risk of relapsing disease course were immunotherapy <7 days from onset (6.7-fold reduced odds of relapsing course, OR 0.15, 95% CI 0.03–0.61, p = 0.009), corticosteroid treatment for ≥5 weeks (6.7-fold reduced odds of relapse, OR 0.15, 95% CI 0.03–0.80, p = 0.026), and abnormal optic nerves on onset MRI (12.5-fold reduced odds of relapse, OR 0.08, 95% CI 0.01–0.50, p = 0.007). 21.1% (15/71) had EDSS ≥ 1 at final follow-up. Patients with a relapsing course had a higher proportion of final EDSS ≥ 1 (37.5%, 9/24) than children with monophasic disease (12.8%, 5/39) (p = 0.022, univariate analysis). Each 1-point increment in worst EDSS at onset was independently associated with 6.7-fold increased odds of final EDSS ≥ 1 (OR 6.65, 95% CI 1.33–33.26, p = 0.021). Discussion At first attack of pediatric MOGAD, early immunotherapy, longer duration of corticosteroid treatment, and abnormal optic nerves on MRI seem associated with lower risk of relapse, whereas higher disease severity is associated with greater risk of final disability (EDSS ≥ 1)

ACTA OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGICA ITALICA

La neurofibromatosi tipo 2 [NF2] è una malattia genetica a trasmissione autosomica dominante [MIM # 101000]. Clinicamente è caratterizzata da: (1) schwannomi bilaterali del (VIII) nervo acustico/vestibolare; (2) cataratta giovanile o amartomi retinici; (3) schwannomi a carico dei nervi periferici e dei nervi cranici; (4) tumori multipli del sistema nervoso centrale (es., meningiomi, astrocitomi, ependimomi); (5) lesioni cutanee: (a) placche NF2 (schwannomi cutanei); (b) (poche) macchie caffellatte; (6) malformazioni dello sviluppo corticale cerebrale. La prevalenza della (forma sintomatica di) NF2 nella popolazione generale è di 1 su 100.000-200.000 individui con unincidenza di 1 su 33.000 nati. La forma classica a esordio nel giovane adulto è conosciuta come forma di Gardner, (esordio intorno ai 20-30 anni detà) con manifestazioni legate agli schwannomi bilaterali del nervo acustico/vestibolare (diminuzione/perdita progressiva delludito, tinnito, vertigini) e/o più raramente con manifestazioni da (altri) tumori del sistema nervoso centrale e/o periferico. In età pediatrica il fenotipo è diverso (forma di Wishart): per primi compaiono abitualmente i tumori del sistema nervoso centrale in assenza di schwannomi vestibolari; si possono avere macchie caffellatte e placche NF2 e solo dopo anni i tumori del nervo cranico VIII e di altri nervi cranici. Il quadro è più grave. Esiste anche una forma congenita ad esordio nei primi giorni/mesi di vita, con schwannomi vestibolari di piccole dimensioni (stabili nel tempo: anche per anni/decenni ma con improvvisa e rapida progressione) e numerose placche NF2; in questa forma le altre manifestazioni (es. meningiomi, altri tumori, altri schwannomi) sono spesso più gravi e progressive delle altre forme. Il gene responsabile della NF2 è localizzato sul cromosoma 22q12.1. Il prodotto genico della NF2 è conosciuto con il nome di schwannomina o merlina [dalla famiglia di proteine 4.1 del tipo moesina-ezrina-radixina/ERM alla quale appartiene il gene della NF2) e ha funzioni di regolazione della crescita e del rimodellamento cellulare (soppressione della crescita cellulare e della tumorigenesi)]. Alcune persone possono presentare tutte le (o parte delle) manifestazioni della NF2 in un emilato o in segmenti corporei circoscritti [NF2 a mosaico]. Altre persone presentano schwannomi (confermati istologicamente) dei nervi periferici (non intradermici) e/o delle radici gangliari in assenza di tumori del nervo vestibolare (o di altri nervi cranici: anche se in alcuni casi vi possono essere anche tumori unilaterali o bilaterali del nervo acustico/vestibolare e/o dei nervi cranici misti) o di altri segni diagnostici per la NF2 [Schwannomatosi, SWNTS]. Lesordio in questa forma è intorno ai 30 anni detà (sono conosciuti casi in età pediatrica) con tumori in svariate sedi (abitualmente tronco e arti). Si conoscono due forme principali: (1) SWNTS1 [MIM # 162091] causata da alterazioni del gene SMARCB1 [regolatore della cromatina actina-dipendente associato alla matrice e correlato alle proteina SWI/SBF, sub-famiglia B, membro di tipo 1; MIM # 601607], sul cromosoma 22q11.23 (posizione centromerica rispetto al gene della NF2); (2) SWNTS2 [MIM # 615670] causata da alterazioni del gene LZTR1 [regolatore della trascrizione di tipo 1 legato alla Leucina; MIM # 600574], cromosoma 22q11.21 (posizione centromerica rispetto al gene SMARCB1) che codifica per una proteina, membro della super-famiglia BTB-kelch. Il meccanismo molecolare della Schwannomatosi comprende: (1) mutazione germinale del gene SMARCB1 o del gene LZTR1; (2) ampia delezione allinterno del cromosoma 22 (con perdita del gene NF2 e dellallele intatto SMARCB1 o LZTR1); e (3) mutazione somatica dellallele intatto del gene NF2 [meccanismo conosciuto come four hits: Quadrupla alterazione (su entrambi gli alleli dei due geni SWNTS/NF2), con tre passaggi consecutivi]. Negli ultimi anni, accanto alle tradizionali terapie chirurgiche e/o radioterapiche sono stati anche impiegati diversi farmaci biologici (es., Lapatinib e Bevacizumab) con effetti di riduzione/arresto della crescita dei tipici tumori NF2