Knowledge, attitude and practices of contraception among the married women of reproductive age group in urban slums of Lucknow

Background: Despite the availability of a wide range of contraceptive and mass media campaigns and information, education, and communication programs, population control remains a distant dream to achieve. The low use of spacing methods is reflected by early childbearing and short birth intervals. The present study was undertaken to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practice of different contraceptive methods among married women in the reproductive age group.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 230 married women in the reproductive age group (18-49 years) attending the outpatient department (OPD) of urban health training centre and came mainly from the neighboring slum locality.Results: We have included a total of 230 participants in the study analysis. Almost all (98.6%) of the study participants had knowledge about at least one method of contraception. If we see the use of contraceptive methods, 163 (70.8%) women ever used any of the contraceptive methods. Less than half (40.9%) had knowledge that contraceptive methods reduce the economic burden on the family. A negative attitude towards the practice of contraception was found among 11.7 percent of women in the study. When asking about present (last 1 year) practice of contraception, 29.1% not practiced any method of contraception, 25.6% used oral contraceptive pills (OCPs), and 27.8% used condoms.Conclusions: The study reveals good knowledge and favorable attitude of rural couples towards contraception. Contraceptive knowledge and practice were influenced by exposure to family planning messages. Women's education and counselling of couples can play an important role in adopting family planning methods

HORIZONTAL LIFTS OF THE GOLDEN STRUCTURES FROM A MANIFOLD TO ITS TANGENT BUNDLE

The present paper aims to investigate `the horizontal lift' of $J$ satisfying $J^2-J-I=0$ and demonstrate its status as a type of golden structure. The Nijenhuis tensor $N^\ast$ of the horizontal lift $J^H$ on the tangent bundle is determined. Also, a tensor field $\tilde{J}$ of type (1,1) is studied and shown to be golden structure on the tangent bundle. Furthermore, several conclusions regarding the Nijenhuis tensor and the Lie derivative of the golden structure $\tilde{J}$ on the tangent bundle are deduced. Moreovber, a study is done on the golden structure $\tilde{J}$ on the tangent bundle that is equipped with projection operators $\tilde{l}$ and $\tilde{m}$. Finally, we construct an example of it

REDD+ STRATEGY FOR FOREST CARBON SEQUESTRATION IN INDIA

Deforestation and forest degradation due to land use, land cover change (LULCC) have become one of the prime contributors to global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, after fossil fuel combustion. Greenhouse gas emission from forestry is occurring in the atmosphere as a result of forest biomass combustion, forest fires and decomposition of deadwood materials. This is how increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere is adding to the global warming and climate change. Many worldwide recognized studies have measured that forest ecosystems have the capacity to absorb more than 1/3rd of total carbon dioxide from the atmosphere which is the minimum requirement for keeping the atmospheric temperature under 2 °C by 2030. One of the commonly accepted methods for reducing carbon is carbon sequestration through forests. India has committed to capture 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of CO2 by enhancing forest and tree cover through 2030. To achieve this target, India has adopted REDD+ (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) strategy which aims to mitigate climate change by enhancing forest carbon sequestration through incentivizing forest conservation. Furthermore, this strategy strives to address the drivers of forest degradation and deforestation and also provides a roadmap for forest carbon stocks enhancement and sustainable forest management through REDD+ actions. This study investigates REDD+ contribution against global warming and climate change in India through forest carbon sequestration

Treatment Outcomes of Full Pulpotomy as an Alternative to Tooth Extraction in Molars with Hyperplastic/Irreversible Pulpitis: A Case Report

Root canal therapy (RCT) is a common and successful treatment for irreversible pulpitis due to carious pulp exposure in mature permanent teeth. However, it is often an expensive procedure, may require multiple appointments, and requires a high level of training and clinical skill, specifically in molars. Uninsured patients, low-income patients, and patients with limited access to specialist care often elect for extraction of restorable teeth with irreversible pulpitis. There is a need for an alternative affordable treatment option to preserve their teeth and maintain chewing function. A case of pulpotomy using calcium-enriched mixture (CEM) cement in two maxillary molars (#14 and 15) in a healthy 36-year-old patient is presented. Both teeth were diagnosed with symptomatic hyperplastic/irreversible pulpitis. Patient did not have dental insurance, was unable to afford RCT, and refused to extract the teeth. CEM pulpotomy and amalgam build-ups were done as an alternative to extraction. At 2-year recall, both teeth were functional with no signs/symptoms of inflammation/infection. Periapical radiographs and 3D images showed normal PDL around all roots. Pulpotomy with CEM biomaterial might be a viable alternative to tooth extraction for mature permanent teeth with hyperplastic/irreversible pulpitis, and can result in long-term tooth retention and improved oral health.Keywords: Calcium-Enriched Mixture; Hyperplastic Pulpitis; Irreversible Pulpitis; Mineral Trioxide Aggregate; Permanent Teeth; Pulp Polyp; Pulpotomy; Vital Pulp Therap

A comparative study of parasympathetic function tests during different phases of menstrual cycle in young healthy females

Background: The hormonal fluctuations that occur during normal menstrual cycle has profound influence on autonomic functions. This influence on autonomic nervous system may affect cardiovagal control. The aim of the study is to find out the variation of Parasympathetic function tests during different phases of menstrual cycle in young healthy females.Methods: The present study was carried out on 50 healthy female subjects with normal menstrual cycles between the ages of 18 to 25 years. Various non-invasive parasympathetic function tests during different phases of menstrual cycle were performed that include Resting heart rate (RHR), Heart rate variation during deep breathing (E:I Ratio), Heart rate response to standing (30:15 Ratio), Heart rate response to Valsalva maneuver (Valsalva Ratio). The results were analysed using ANOVA and student’s paired-t tests.Results: During the menstrual cycle, we found varied heart rate response with higher values towards the luteal phase, when compared to the follicular phase and the menstrual phase. There was a statistically significant difference in the heart rate parameters like resting heart rate, 30:15 ratio, valsalva ratio and E:I ratio during the three phases of menstrual cycle.Conclusions: The study concludes that there was statistically significant heart rate variability during three phases of the menstrual cycle, as observed by the increased sympathetic discharge in the luteal phase compared to the increased parasympathetic discharge in the follicular phase. The results of our study have emphasized the complexity of the relationship between ovarian steroids and various hemodynamic regulatory systems

Integrated system for earthmoving operations

Earthwork allocations are needed in excavation work to determine the quantities of material to be moved from each cut section to each fill section. Two basic methods of earthwork allocations are available: mass diagram and linear programming. The mass diagram can be used to determine the most economic distribution of cut and fill. However, the usefulness of mass diagram diminishes for situations in which haul costs are not directly proportional to the haul distance; swell and shrinkage vary along the roadway; and additional quantities of soil are available at borrow pit or may be disposed of at disposal sites. This study presents an integrated system for estimating earthmoving production, selecting fleet and optimizing earthmoving operations. Geographic information system (GIS) is employed to acquire and analyze spatial data. Fleet Production and Cost Analysis (FPC) is used as software tool to select the best Fleet. The methodology used in the development of optimization model is based on the Mixed-Integer Linear Programming which determines optimum quantity of materials to be moved between different cut and fill sections, borrow pits and disposal sites. The standard Microsoft Excel Solver has been used to run the presented MILP model. This study also proposes an algorithm for determining longitudinal interval for a part of road segment. The study concludes that the presented integrated system can assist engineers, contractors and clients of earthmoving projects in quantity take-off determination work, for selecting best equipment fleet and in determining the optimum quantity of earthwork materials to be moved between different sections so as to finish the project in minimum time and within budget with optimum use of available resource

Energy-efficient privacy homomorphic encryption scheme for multi-sensor data in WSNs

YesThe recent advancements in wireless sensor hardware ensures sensing multiple sensor data such as temperature, pressure, humidity, etc. using a single hardware unit, thus defining it as multi-sensor data communication in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). The in-processing technique of data aggregation is crucial in energy-efficient WSNs; however, with the requirement of end-to-end data confidentiality it may prove to be a challenge. End-to-end data confidentiality along with data aggregation is possible with the implementation of a special type of encryption scheme called privacy homomorphic (PH) encryption schemes. This paper proposes an optimized PH encryption scheme for WSN integrated networks handling multi-sensor data. The proposed scheme ensures light-weight payloads, significant energy and bandwidth consumption along with lower latencies. The performance analysis of the proposed scheme is presented in this paper with respect to the existing scheme. The working principle of the multi-sensor data framework is also presented in this paper along with the appropriate packet structures and process. It can be concluded that the scheme proves to decrease the payload size by 56.86% and spend an average energy of 8-18 mJ at the aggregator node for sensor nodes varying from 10-50 thereby ensuring scalability of the WSN unlike the existing scheme