On The Center Sets and Center Numbers of Some Graph Classes

For a set $S$ of vertices and the vertex $v$ in a connected graph $G$, $\displaystyle\max_{x \in S}d(x,v)$ is called the $S$-eccentricity of $v$ in $G$. The set of vertices with minimum $S$-eccentricity is called the $S$-center of $G$. Any set $A$ of vertices of $G$ such that $A$ is an $S$-center for some set $S$ of vertices of $G$ is called a center set. We identify the center sets of certain classes of graphs namely, Block graphs, $K_{m,n}$, $K_n-e$, wheel graphs, odd cycles and symmetric even graphs and enumerate them for many of these graph classes. We also introduce the concept of center number which is defined as the number of distinct center sets of a graph and determine the center number of some graph classes

The Expectation Disconfirmation Theory of Green Banking Practices of State Bank of India with special reference to Kerala - A Structural Equation Modeling Approach

In light of Agenda 2030, sustainability awareness is steadily growing worldwide. All institutions, including banks and financial institutions, are working to reduce their carbon footprints. Several indirect problems have arisen for India as a result of the banking process, such as global warming, climate change, irregular monsoon, air pollution, heavy rain, poor air quality, health problems, ozone depletion, fossil fuel use, recurrent destruction of forests for daily use, improper e-waste disposal. These issues can be overcome with sustainable banking practices (Green banking), which benefit the customer's satisfaction and quality of life. However, sustainability can be achieved only when the customers accept green banking and are satisfied with it. In order to do that, the bank must understand the level of expectations and perception of its customers toward green initiatives and to what extent the initiatives satisfy their day-to-day needs. This paper provides an overview of Expectancy disconfirmation integrations into customer satisfaction of India's largest public sector banks. As part of the present theoretical analysis, we first examine the level of awareness, expectations, and perception differences of customers to determine their satisfaction level. We then provide some evidence from SBI in Kerala regarding dissatisfying factors in green banking practices

Effect of osmotic stress on in vitro plant growth hormone production by osmotolerant bacteria isolated from chilli phyto microbiome

The present study was conducted to determine the effect of osmotic stress on the plant growth hormone production by six osmotolerant plant growth promoting bacterial strains. These strains originated from the phytomicrobiome of chilli cultivated in the drought prone areas of Andhra Pradesh. They possessed multiple plant growth promotion traits including the ability to produce a variety of plant growth hormones. The effect of osmotic stress on the plant growth hormone production was determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) under normal and in vitro osmotic stress conditions using 25% Poly Ethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000. In general, it was observed that osmotic stress impacted the plant growth hormone production of the isolates, but nevertheless plant hormones were detected in all the bacterial strains. An exception to this was the cytokinin molecule zeatin riboside, which was produced at higher levels by five of the six bacterial isolates under osmotic stressed conditions

Effect of osmotic stress on in vitro plant growth hormone production by osmotolerant bacteria isolated from chilli phyto microbiome

The present study was conducted to determine the effect of osmotic stress on the plant growth hormone production by six osmotolerant plant growth promoting bacterial strains. These strains originated from the phytomicrobiome of chilli cultivated in the drought prone areas of Andhra Pradesh. They possessed multiple plant growth promotion traits including the ability to produce a variety of plant growth hormones. The effect of osmotic stress on the plant growth hormone production was determined by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) under normal and in vitro osmotic stress conditions using 25% Poly Ethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000. In general, it was observed that osmotic stress impacted the plant growth hormone production of the isolates, but nevertheless plant hormones were detected in all the bacterial strains. An exception to this was the cytokinin molecule zeatin riboside, which was produced at higher levels by five of the six bacterial isolates under osmotic stressed conditions

Method Development and Validation for the Simultaneous Estimation of Cefuroxime Axetil and Linezolid in Pharmaceutical Dosage form by RP-HPLC and HPTLC Method

INTRODUCTION: Analytical Chemistry is defined as “The science and the art of determining the composition of materials in terms of the elements or compounds contained.” This branch of chemistry, which deals with both theoretical, practical science and practiced in a large number of laboratories in many diverse ways. Methods of analysis are routinely developed, improved, validated, collaboratively studied and applied. In analytical chemistry it is of prime importance to gain information about the qualitative and quantitative composition of substances and chemical species that is to find out what substance is composed and exactly how much. In quantitative analysis the question is how much is present. The research work in this thesis is based on this criterion. Pharmaceutical analysis deals not only with medicaments (drugs and their formulations) but also with their precursors i.e. with the raw material on which degree of purity and quality of medicament depends. The quality of the drug is determined after establishing its authenticity by testing its purity and the quality of pure substance in the drug and its formulations. Quality is important in every product or service but it is vital in medicine as it involves life. Unlike ordinary consumer goods there can be no “second quality” in drugs. Quality control is a concept, which strives to produce a perfect product by series of measures designed to prevent and eliminate errors at different stages of production. AIM AND OBJECTIVE: As per the literature review, there is no analytical methods reported for the Hence,there is a need for suitable RP-HPLC and HPTLC Method for routine analysis of Cefuroxime axetil and Linezolid in the combined formulation. The work was an attempts to develop simple, rapid, and sensitive analytical methods for the simultaneous estimation of Cefuroxime axetil and Linezolid in the combined formulation in accordance with ICH Q2B guidelines and to extend the method for routine analysis. method for the simultaneous estimation of Cefuroxime axetil and Linezolid in the combined tablet dosage form by RP-HPLC and HPTLC method. STEP-1: Study of physiochemical properties of the drug STEP-2: Selection of chromatographic condition RVS College of Pharmaceutical Sciences Page 32 estimation of Cefuroxime axetil and Linezolid in combined pharmaceutical dosage form by HPTLC. Various publications are available regarding the UV simultaneous estimation and RP-HPLC method development of Cefuroxime axetil and Linezolid, either alone or in combination with other drugs in pharmaceutical dosage form. RESULT AND DISCUSSION OF HPLC METHOD: Present report in this thesis is aimed at new analytical method development for the simultaneous estimation of Cefuroxime axetil and Linezolid by RP-HPLC method. From the literature review it was found that there was no single method for the simultaneous estimation of Cefuroxime axetil and Linezolid by RP-HPLC method. Hence new analytical method has been developed for the simultaneous estimation of Cefuroxime axetil and Linezolid by RP-HPLC method and validated according to ICH Q2B guidelines. CONCLUSION: A new method of analysis is developed for simultaneous estimation of Cefuroxime axetil and Linezolid drugs in pharmaceutical tablet dosage form by RPHPLC and HPTLC method. The analytical procedure is validated as per ICH Q2B guidelines and shown to be simple,accurate, precise and specific. For routine analytical purpose it is desirable to establish methods capable of analyzing huge number of samples in a short time period with good robustness, accuracy and precision without any prior separation step. HPLC and HPTLC method generates large amount of quality data, which serve as highly powerful and convenient analytical tool. Cefuroxime axetil was freely soluble in ethanol, methanol, acetonitrile and insoluble in water. Linezolid was soluble in chloroform, alcohol and insoluble in ether. acetonitrile. and phosphate buffer was chosen as the mobile phase. The run time of the HPLC procedure was 10 minutes. The method was validated for system suitability, linearity, precision, accuracy, specificity, ruggedness robustness, LOD and LOQ. The system suitability parameters were within limit, hence it was concluded that the system was suitable to perform the assay. The method shows linearity between the concentration range of 10-50μg / ml. The % recovery of Cefuroxime axetil and Linezolid was found to be in the range of 99.22 % - 100.11 %. As there was no interference due to excipients and mobile phase, the method was found to be specific. The method was robust and rugged as observed from insignificant variation in the results of analysis by changes in flow rate and mobile phase composition separately and analysis being performed by different analysts. Good agreement was seen in the assay results of Pharmaceutical formulation by developed method. Hence, it can be concluded that the proposed methods using HPLC and HPTLC can be regarded as simple, fast reproducible and sensitive methods for the simultaneous estimation of Cefuroxime axetil and Linezolid in combined dosage form. Hence, these methods can be used for the in process evaluation in Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Firms and routine quality control of these drugs in Drug Testing Laboratories

Buccal Drug Delivery: Past, Present and Future – A Review

The major hindrance for the absorption of a drug taken orally is extensive first pass metabolism or stability problems within the GI environment like instability in gastric pH and complexation with mucosal membrane. These obstacles can be overcome by altering the route of administration as parenteral, transdermal or trasmucosal. Among these trasmucosal has the advantage of ease of administration, patient compliance and are economic too. The mucosa of the buccal cavity is the most easily accessible transmuocosal site. Buccal transmucosal delivery helps to bypass first- pass metabolism by allowing direct access to the systemic circulation through the internal jugular vein. The buccal transmucosal route has been researched for a wide variety of drugs. Several methodologies have been considered so far, to design and manipulate the release properties towards the invention of buccal mucosal delivery systems. This article aims at reviewing the numerous techniques that has been designed till date for optimizing buccal transmucosal drug delivery.Keywords: complexation; parenteral; transdermal; trasmucosa