The Potential of Demand Response Measures of Commercial Buildings in Thailand

AbstractThe aim of this research is to estimate the potential of demand response measures applying to commercial building in Thailand based on the actual test result from 3 existing buildings in Bangkok. The potential measures can be divided into 2 main categories namely self-generation using existing standby generators and reducing their actual demand using various techniques. The initial estimation point out that the maximum of 2.1 MW can be reduced from these 3 tested building. However, the actual experiment shows that only 1.76 MW can be achieved. The difference of the peak reduction mainly comes from not only the in-accurate estimation of the standby generator ability in both capability and durability but also the effect on the comfort condition in the building. Therefore, the appropriate estimated level of demand reduction from the building should approximately 83% of technical potential. The final recommendation from the building owner is the building should adopt DR scheme and able to reduced their demand to some extent. However, it depends on the level of benefit offered to the building

A low-cost photovoltaic emulator for static and dynamic evaluation of photovoltaic power converters and facilities

In testing maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms running on electronic power converters for photovoltaic (PV) applications, either a PV energy source (PV module or PV array) or a PV emulator is required. With a PV emulator, it is possible to control the testing conditions with accuracy so that it is the preferred option. The PV source is modeled as a current source; thus, the emulator has to work as a current source dependent on its output voltage. The proposed emulator is a buck converter with an average current mode control loop, which allows testing the static and dynamic performance of PV facilities up to 3 kW. To validate the concept, the emulator is used to evaluate the MPPT algorithm of a 230-W experimental microinverter working from a single PV module.This work is supported by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation under grant ENE2009-13998-C02-02.González Medina, R.; Patrao Herrero, I.; Garcerá Sanfeliú, G.; Figueres Amorós, E. (2014). A low-cost photovoltaic emulator for static and dynamic evaluation of photovoltaic power converters and facilities. Progress in Photovoltaics. 22(2):227-241. https://doi.org/10.1002/pip.2243S227241222Prapanavarat, C., Barnes, M., & Jenkins, N. (2002). Investigation of the performance of a photovoltaic AC module. IEE Proceedings - Generation, Transmission and Distribution, 149(4), 472. doi:10.1049/ip-gtd:20020141Durán, E., Andújar, J. M., Galán, J., & Sidrach-de-Cardona, M. (2009). Methodology and experimental system for measuring and displayingIâ Vcharacteristic curves of PV facilities. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 17(8), 574-586. doi:10.1002/pip.909Piliougine, M., Carretero, J., Mora-López, L., & Sidrach-de-Cardona, M. (2011). Experimental system for current-voltage curve measurement of photovoltaic modules under outdoor conditions. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 19(5), 591-602. doi:10.1002/pip.1073Sanchis, P., López, J., Ursúa, A., Gubía, E., & Marroyo, L. (2007). On the testing, characterization, and evaluation of PV inverters and dynamic MPPT performance under real varying operating conditions. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 15(6), 541-556. doi:10.1002/pip.763Kjaer, S. B., Pedersen, J. K., & Blaabjerg, F. (2005). A Review of Single-Phase Grid-Connected Inverters for Photovoltaic Modules. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 41(5), 1292-1306. doi:10.1109/tia.2005.853371Kondrath, N., & Kazimierczuk, M. K. (2012). Comparison of Wide- and High-Frequency Duty-Ratio-to-Inductor-Current Transfer Functions of DC–DC PWM Buck Converter in CCM. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 59(1), 641-643. doi:10.1109/tie.2011.2134053Tan, Y. T., Kirschen, D. S., & Jenkins, N. (2004). A Model of PV Generation Suitable for Stability Analysis. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 19(4), 748-755. doi:10.1109/tec.2004.827707Villalva, M. G., Gazoli, J. R., & Filho, E. R. (2009). Comprehensive Approach to Modeling and Simulation of Photovoltaic Arrays. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, 24(5), 1198-1208. doi:10.1109/tpel.2009.2013862Shengyi Liu, & Dougal, R. A. (2002). Dynamic multiphysics model for solar array. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, 17(2), 285-294. doi:10.1109/tec.2002.1009482Mekki, H., Mellit, A., Kalogirou, S. A., Messai, A., & Furlan, G. (2010). FPGA-based implementation of a real time photovoltaic module simulator. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, 18(2), 115-127. doi:10.1002/pip.950Mohan N Undeland T Robbins W Power electronics: converters, applications and design (3rd edn) 2003Garcera, G., Figueres, E., Pascual, M., & Benavent, J. M. (2004). Robust model following control of parallel buck converters. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 40(3), 983-997. doi:10.1109/taes.2004.1337469Vorperian, V. (1990). Simplified analysis of PWM converters using model of PWM switch. Continuous conduction mode. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems, 26(3), 490-496. doi:10.1109/7.106126Packiam, P., Jain, N. K., & Singh, I. P. (2011). Microcontroller-based simple maximum power point tracking controller for single-stage solar stand-alone water pumping system. Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, n/a-n/a. doi:10.1002/pip.1207Chuanzong F Shiping S Simulation studying of MPPT control by a new method for photovoltaic power system Electrical and Control Engineering (ICECE), 2011 International Conference on 2011 10.1109/ICECENG.2011.605791