Evaluations of the Characteristics of the Tropo-Strato-Mesopause Height and Temperature Variability over Bahir Dar, Ethiopia (11.60 N, 37.30 E) Using SABER

The height profile of atmospheric temperature data between 12 km and 100 km was obtained from SABER/TIMED satellite instruments during the year 2016 and used to characterize the three atmospheric pauses temporal variability of height and temperature over Bahir Dar, Ethiopia (11.60 N, 37.30 E). The daily, monthly, and frequency distributions of tropopause-stratopause-mesopause height and temperature are investigated. From the frequency distribution, we had found that of the tropopause-stratopause-mesopause height 17 km, 48 km, and 98 km with the corresponding temperature 192 K, 268 K, and 148 K. The decrement (cooling) trend lines of tropopause height 0.7 K/year and its corresponding tropopause increment temperature has been ~1.5 K/year. The stratopause and mesopause trend lines of height are insignificant and the corresponding decrement (cooling) temperatures are ~3 K/year and ~13 K/year respectively. The mean monthly maximum heights of tropopause 19 km in May with a corresponding maximum temperature of 201 K in September. The maximum stratopause height 49.5 km in February and July and its temperature 268 K and 267 K in February and April respectively. The maximum mesopause height 98 km, 95 km, 97 km in March, Jun, and November respectively, and its maximum temperature 196 K and 198 K in January and July respectively

Nanoemulsions for drug delivery through different routes

Utilising nanoemulsions as vehicles for carrying active pharmaceutical ingredients is emerging as a promising approach for the latters’ targeted delivery. For drug molecules to be clinically effective, their administration by a route, which provides a proper channel for them to reach their target, is of prime importance. Further, they also need to be suitably protected in the biological milieu till they are delivered to the required site of action. Nanoemulsions with a mean droplet diameter of about 20-200 nm are extremely versatile in this regard. Due to their characteristic size and properties, which includes kinetic stability, they are very effective in enveloping and/or solubilising the drugs and successfully chaperoning them towards suitable targets. They also cause the drugs to be released  in controlled and sustained modes, thereby reducing drug toxicity and dumping. Additionally, depending on the physiochemical properties of the drugs, nanoemulsions can be structurally engineered to maximize their solubilisation as per the required route of delivery, which is heavily dependent on the drug structure. Effective targeting can be achieved by incorporating suitable homing molecules on their surface, which in turn  recognize and bind to specific receptors on the target molecules. This review focuses on the different routes by which drug loaded  nanoemulsions can be administered, thus throwing light on the versatility of these vehicles for therapeutic and other related applications

Culture and conflict management style of international project managers

The management of culture has become increasingly important to many organisations and business disciplines, particularly multicultural and international project management. Cultural differences often result in varying degrees of conflict and require careful consideration. This study surveys 116 Project Managers using the Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument to determine their approach toward managing conflict. Indian, French and UK Project Managers’ conflict management style are correlated with Hofstede’s description of their cultural characteristics. We find that significant links between the cultural dimensions of Individualism and Masculinity with the propensity for Project Managers to adopt a Competitive style of conflict management. We also find Uncertainty Avoidance correlates with a tendency for Project Managers to adopt an Avoiding approach to conflict management. Other relationships are found between Hofstede’s cultural dimensions and conflict management styles in Project Managers but their meaning requires further study

A comparative study on nutritional status of under 6 years children in i.c.d.s. And non i.c.d.s. Tribal areas of uttar pradesh

Objectives : To find out the nutritional status of children under six year. To determine the level of difference in nutritional status of Children under six years in I.C.D.S. and Non I.C.D.S. tribal areas. To assess the impact of I.C.D.S. scheme on nutritional status of children below six years. Study Design : Cross Sectional Study Participants : Under six years children. Sample Size : 1536 children of Nighasan block (I.C.D.S. block) and 1471 of Ramia Behar block (Non I.C.D.S. block). Key Words : Nutritional status, I.C.D.S., height - weight index, Service impact. Results : All the value for height & weight in both groups were lower as compared to the I.C.M.R. standards. All children in I.C.D.S. group were below the normal weight - height index (i.e. > 0.15) while in Non I.C.D.S. group were below normal wt.-ht. index in all age group except 6 -<24 months male & 3 - < 9 months female. Overall prevalence of P.E.M. in I.C.D.S. group was 90.36& while it was 86.85% in Non I.C.D.S. group. The difference was significant

Displacement Analysis of Rigid Retaining Walls in Rocking

The paper presents a simple approach for computing rotational displacements of rigid retaining walls during an earthquake, an aspect that had not been considered so far (1981). The values of rotational displacements using the proposed method for various combinations of wall geometry, backfill material and ground motion parameters have been worked out. The values of rotational displacements have been compared with the values obtained by using available approaches for displacement analysis (sliding or overall) for rigid retaining walls and it is shown that the contribution of rotation to the overall displacement of the retaining wall may be quite significant in some cases and should therefore, be accounted for. The necessity to develop a rational displacement analysis considering combined rocking and sliding is stressed

Association of AM fungi in important Pteridophytic plants of Maharashtra, India.

Four pteridophytic plants were studied for their Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal association. All tested plants were distributed in Maharashtra state. The result revealed that all the tested pteridophytic plants (viz. Equisetum spp, Marsilea spp, Nephrelepis spp, and Adiantum spp) had AM association in the roots and spore population in the soil. However, maximum root colonization was observed in Equisetum spp (96%) where as minimum was observed in Nephrelepis spp (28%). Equisetum spp (208) showed more spore density where as less in Adiantum spp (27). Total 15 AM fungal species were identified and quantified in which Glomus spp were dominant followed by Acaulospora spp Sclerocystis spp and Gigaspora spp were found less frequently distributed

DNA Computing and Implementations

DNA Computing aims to harness the molecules at the Nano level for computational purpose. DNA Computing features high data density and massive storage capability therefore, its approach can be used to solve various combinatorial Problems like solving Non Deterministic Problems (i.e. NP- Complete and NP-Hard). This Molecular Level Computational involve input and output both in the molecule form. Since DNA has already been explored as an exquisite material and is a fundamental block for manufacturing large scale Nano mechanical devices. DNA Computing is an approach towards the Biomolecular Computation where the aim is not only to process the information but also to transfer it to other molecular structures for utilization. DNA Computing is slower when an individual DNA Computes in compare to silica based chips. Its Efficiently and throughput increases as the number of DNA increase. DNA provides the possibility of massive parallelism. Starting with the Introduction about the DNA Structure, followed up by DNA Computers, this paper will discuss some recent advancements and challenges of DNA Computing. We will also discuss the possible future scope and implementation as well how the Artificial Intelligence approach can be used with DNA Based Computers to achieve a better and efficient Machine Learning

Transforaminal percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy versus microdiscectomy: an Indian rural experience

Background: The objective of the study was to compare surgical outcome of micro-discectomy with transforaminal percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy for single level lumbar disc herniation in Indian rural population.Methods: Retrospective comparative study was designed during the period of October 2012 to June 2015, patients in the age group of 22-75 years with unremitting sciatica with/without back pain, and/or a neurological deficit that correlated with appropriate level and side of neural compression as revealed on MRI, with single level lumbar disc herniation who underwent either microdiscectomy or TPELD were included in the study. Patients were assessed on visual analogue scale (VAS) for back and leg pain, modified macnabs criteria, the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI).Results: Group I (MD) included 44 patients and Group II (TPELD) included 20 patients. Significant improvement was seen in claudication symptom post-operatively in both MD and TPELD. Mean operating time was significantly shorter in MD group (1.11 hrs vs. 1.32 hrs; p<0.01). According to modified MacNab's criteria, outcome were excellent (81.8%), good (9.09%) and fair (9.09%) in MD. Similarly, in TPELD, 80%, 15% and 5% patients had excellent, good and fair outcome respectively. In both groups, no one had a poor outcome. Thus, overall success rate was 100% in the study.Conclusions: TPELD and MD have comparable post-operative outcome in most of the efficacy parameters in Indian rural patients undergoing treatment of single level lumbar disc herniation. Additionally, TPELD offers distinct advantages such as performed under local anaesthesia, preservation of structure, lesser post-operative pain and early mobilization and discharge from hospital

Comparative Analysis of Metaheuristic Approaches for Makespan Minimization for No Wait Flow Shop Scheduling Problem

This paper provides comparative analysis of various metaheuristic approaches for m-machine no wait flow shop scheduling (NWFSS) problem with makespan as an optimality criterion. NWFSS problem is NP hard and brute force method unable to find the solutions so approximate solutions are found with metaheuristic algorithms. The objective is to find out the scheduling sequence of jobs to minimize total completion time. In order to meet the objective criterion, existing metaheuristic techniques viz. Tabu Search (TS), Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) are implemented for small and large sized problems and effectiveness of these techniques are measured with statistical metric