547 research outputs found
Understanding the degeneracies in NOA data
The combined analysis of disappearance and appearance data
of NOA experiment leads to three nearly degenerate solutions. This
degeneracy can be understood in terms of deviations in appearance
signal, caused by unknown effects, with respect to the signal expected for a
reference set of oscillations parameters. We define the reference set to be
vacuum oscillations in the limit of maximal and no CP-violation.
We then calculate the deviations induced in the appearance signal event
rate by three unknown effects: (a) matter effects, due to normal or inverted
hierarchy (b) octant effects, due to being in higher or lower
octant and (c) CP-violation, whether or . We find that the deviation caused by each of these effects is the
same for NOA. The observed number of events in NOA is
equivalent to the increase caused by one of the effects. Therefore, the
observed number of appearance events of NOA is the net result of
the increase caused by two of the unknown effects and the decrease caused by
the third. Thus we get the three degenerate solutions. We also find that
further data by NOA can not distinguish between these degenerate solutions
but addition of one year of neutrino run of DUNE can make a distinction between
all three solutions. The distinction between the two NH solutions and the IH
solution becomes possible because of the larger matter effect in DUNE. The
distinction between the two NH solutions with different octants is a result of
the synergy between the anti-neutrino data of NOA and the neutrino data of
DUNE.Comment: Published version v2; with minor changes to v
CFD analysis of effects of surface wettability and flow rates on the interface evolution and droplet pinch-off mechanism in the cross-flow microfluidic systems
This study has numerically investigated the effect of surface wettability on
two-phase immiscible flow and dynamics of droplet pinch-off in a T-junction
microchannel using finite element method. A conservative level set method
(CLSM) has been adopted to capture the interface topology in squeezing regime
() for wide flow rate ratio () and
contact angle (). Based on the
instantaneous phase profiles, droplet formation stages are classified as
initial, filling, squeezing, pinch-off and stable droplet. Wettability effects
are insignificant in filling stage. However, hydrophobic effects are more
visible in squeezing and pinch-off stages. Engineering parameters have
generally shown complex dependence on dimensionless parameters (, ,
). Capturing the instantaneous interface evolution has revealed droplet
shape senstivity with the contact angle. Interface profiles transform from
convex into concave immediately for hydrophobic () whereas slowly for super hydrophobic () conditions. In contrast to the literature, pressure in
dispersed phase is not constant, but it is an anti-phase with pressure in
continuous phase. Comparing the filling and pinch-off time based on the
pressure and phase profiles has brought new insights that the droplet pinch-off
mechanism can be elucidated by installing the pressure sensors even without the
flow visualization and phase profiles. The interface curvature adopts a
flattened to a more concave shape when the Laplace pressure varies from a
smaller to a higher value. The interface neck width (2r) shows an increasing
trend up to a threshold value and then decreases linearly with the contact
angle
CFD analysis of electroviscous effects in pressure-driven flow of electrolyte liquid through an asymmetrically charged non-uniform microfluidic device
The electroviscous effects in the pressure-driven flow of electrolyte liquid
through an asymmetrically charged contraction-expansion (4:1:4) slit
microfluidic device have been investigated numerically. The mathematical model
(i.e., Poisson's, Navier-Stokes, and Nernst-Planck equations) is solved using
the finite element method to obtain the electrical potential, velocity,
pressure, ion concentration fields, excess charge, an induced electric field
strength for the following ranges of parameters: Reynolds number (),
Schmidt number (), inverse Debye length (),
top wall surface charge density (), surface charge ratio
() and contraction ratio (). Results show
that the charge asymmetry at the different walls of the microfluidic device
plays a significant role in the induced electric field development and
microfluidic hydrodynamics. The total potential () and pressure
drop () maximally increase by 197.45\% and 25.46\%, respectively,
with asymmetry of the charge. {The electroviscous correction factor (ratio of
apparent to physical viscosity) maximally increases by 20.85\% (at ,
for ), 25.46\% (at , for ), and 39.13\% (at , for ).}
Further, a simpler analytical model is developed to predict the pressure drop
in electroviscous flow considering asymmetrically charged surface, based on the
Poiseuille flow in the individual uniform sections and pressure losses due to
orifice, estimates the pressure drop 1--2\% within the numerical results. The
robustness of this model enables the use of present numerical results for
design aspects in microfluidic applications.Comment: 44 pages, 15 figure
Tensions between the appearance data of T2K and NOvA
The long baseline neutrino experiments, T2K and NOvA, have taken significant
amount of data in each of the four channels: (a) disappearance, (b)
disappearance (c) appearance and (d)
appearance. There is a mild tension between the disappearance and the
appearance data sets of T2K. A more serious tension exists between the
appearance data of T2K and the appearance data of NOvA.
This tension is significant enough that T2K rules out the best-fit point of
NOvA at confidence level whereas NOvA rules out T2K best-fit point at
confidence level. We explain the reason why these tensions arise. We
also do a combined fit of T2K and NOvA data and comment on the results of this
fit.Comment: matches the published versio
Assessment of adverse drug reactions to antituberculosis regimen in a tertiary care hospital
Background: Adverse drug reactions are common with multidrug therapy in tuberculosis, if detected early can improve patient compliance and prevent emergence of resistance.Methods: A prospective observational study as a part of Pharmacovigilance Program under Central Drugs Standard Control Organisation was conducted in Kasturba hospital, Manipal to collect adverse drug reactions (ADR). Data of patients reported with antitubercular treatment (ATT) related ADRs from September 2012 to August 2013 was evaluated for patient demography, type of tuberculosis, ATT regimen, organ/ system affected and time of onset of ADR. ADRs were then subjected to causality assessment as per WHO scale.Results: A total of 65 ADRs were reported in 60 patients during the study period, of which 46.7% were in males and 53.3% in females. 85% of ADRs were reported in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. 77% of ADRs were observed with daily regimen. Common ADRs were hepatitis (40%), gastritis (15%), skin reactions (15%), peripheral neuropathy (14%), gout (6%) and nephritis (3%). Median duration for the onset of ADR was 31 days each for hepatitis, gout, nephritis and 20, 11, 9 days for gastritis, peripheral neuropathy and skin reactions respectively. As per causality assessment, 80% of ADRs were assigned āpossibleā, 11% āprobableā and 9% ācertainā. As per severity scale 27.7% of ADR were severe, 36.9% were moderate.Conclusions: Early detection and management of ADRs is vital for the success of ATT and patient adherence
Angiogenic Index as a Measure of Angiogenesis in Prostate Cancer and Its Correlation with Gleason Grade and Score
Introduction: Microvessel density, as a measure of angiogenesis,
predicts prognosis in prostate cancer. Angiogenic Index (AI,
numerical value of angiogenesis) minimises the possible variation
concerning the width of the microscopic field, stromal epithelial
relations and cellular tumour size.
Aim: To study AI in prostate cancer and its correlation with
Gleason Grade (GG) and Gleason Score (GS).
Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional, study was
done at Postgraduate Department of Pathology, Sarojini
Naidu Medical College, Agra, India, from September 2019 to
December 2020. Twenty five histopathologically confirmed
prostate adenocarcinoma specimens from radical prostatectomy,
Transurethral Resection of Prostate (TURP), and needle biopsy
were included in the study. These cases were categorised
according to Gleason Grade (GG); Gleason Score (GS) was
assigned to each case. The GSs were simplified into three groups:
low (GS 2-6), intermediate (GS 7) and high-grade (GS 8-10).
Immunohistochemical {Cluster Differentiation (CD) 31} blood vessel staining was done to calculate AI. Statistical significance
was determined by Unpaired t-test.
Results: All the cases were males with age range from 55-
76 years (mean age was 65.48Ā±5.62 years). Mean AI was
13.74, 83.76, 163.27, 299.12 for the GG1, GG3, GG4, GG5,
respectively. Mean AI was 29.72, 82.67, 129.15, 190.31, 206.71,
307.34 for GS 2, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, respectively. Comparing GG
among themselves, statistically significant difference in AI was
found between GG3 vs GG4 (p-value=0.0056, r-value=0.5269).
Difference was also statistically significant between GG3 vs
GG5 (p-value=0.000011, r-value=0.8030) and GG4 vs GG5
(p-value=0.0036, r-value=0.5806). In all scores combined,
the mean AI was 56.20 for low-grade (GS 2-6), 129.15 for
intermediate-grade (GS 7), 247.35 for high-grade (GS 8-10).
Statistically significant difference was found in between AI
(p-value <0.05) in all Gleason scores.
Conclusion: Positive correlation was observed between AI, GG
and GS in prostatic adenocarcinoma. AI may be of immense
value to predict prognosis of prostatic adenocarcinoma
Prevalence of needle stick injuries, its associated factors and awareness among nursing staff at tertiary care hospital of North India
Background: Needle Stick Injuries (NSIs) are defined as accidental skin penetrating injuries caused by needles. It is the single greatest occupational hazard to a medical personnel. In developing countries, needle stick injury is associated with the highest global prevalence of HIV, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C. Aim & Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of needle stick injuries, its associated risk factors and assess the awareness regarding needle stick injuries among nursing staff. Material & Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among nursing staff who were working at a tertiary care hospital in Northern India during June 2019 to November 2019. The study commenced after taking prior approval from institutional ethics committee. A census method was used to include the participants. Results: Around 66.7% of the nursing staff was exposed to NSIs during their working hours at the hospital. There was significant association of needle stick injuries with place of working and education of nursing staff in multivariate binary logistic regression. About 26% of the nurses were unaware that recapping should be done or not for used needle, and 35% of staff nurses recapped the needle after the use. Conclusion: Needle stick injuries can be prevented by continued education, effective training, providing better safety devices, a positive work environment
A randomized controlled trial of endodontic treatment using ultrasonic irrigation and laser activated irrigation to evaluate healing in chronic apical periodontitis
Aim of this trial was to evaluate the combined clinical and radiographic success rate of endodontic treatment using passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) and laser activated irrigation (LAI) as compared to conventional syringe irrigation. Permanent incisors and single rooted premolars were assessed for eligibility and 69 patients were randomly divided into three treatment groups (n=23) by allocation concealment method and irrigation was performed in accordance with the allocated group. Teeth were evaluated clinically and radiographically with CBCT after 6 months and 12 months of the treatment. A significant difference was observed in the radiographic healing rates among three groups (?2=12.29, p=0.05). On comparing the final outcome among the three groups (n=19), it was found that 2 (10.5%) cases of group I(Conventional Syringe irrigation), 7 (36.8%) cases of group II (Passive ultrasonic irrigation) and 8 (42.1%) cases of group III(Laser activated irrigation) were healed while under healing category 13 (68.4%) cases of group I, 12 (63.2%) cases of group II and 11 (57.9%) of group III were observed whereas 4 (21.1%) cases were categorised as diseased in group I only. LAI and PUI can increase the predictability of the endodontic treatment success in cases of chronic apical periodontitis
Differentially localized survivin and STAT3 as markers of gastric cancer progression: Association with Helicobacter pylori
BackgroundLocalization and differential expression of STAT3 and survivin in cancer cells are often related to distinct cellular functions. The involvement of survivin and STAT3 in gastric cancer has been reported in separate studies but without clear understanding of their kinetics in cancer progression.MethodsWe examined intracellular distribution of STAT3 and survivin in gastric adenocarcinoma and compared it with normal and precancer tissues using immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry.ResultsAnalysis of a total of 156 gastric samples comprising 61 histologically normal, 30 precancerous tissues (comprising intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia), and 65 adenocarcinomas, collected as endoscopic biopsies from treatment naĆÆve study participants, revealed a significant (PĀ <Ā .001) increase in overall protein levels. Survivin expression was detectable in both cytoplasmic (90.8%) and nuclear (87.7%) compartments in gastric adenocarcinomas lesions. Precancerous dysplastic gastric lesions exhibited a moderate survivin expression (56.7%) localized in cytoplasmic compartment. Similarly, STAT3 and pSTAT3 expression was detected at high level in gastric cancer lesions. The levels of compartmentalized expression of survivin and STAT3/pSTAT3 correlated in precancerous and adenocarcinoma lesions. Although overexpression of these proteins was found associated with the tobacco use and alcohol consumption, their expression invariably and strongly correlated with concurrent Helicobacter pylori infection. Receiver operating characteristic analysis of nuclear survivin, STAT3, and pSTAT3 in different study groups showed acceptable positive and negative predictive values with area under the curve above 0.8 (PĀ <Ā .001).ConclusionOverall, our results suggest that overall increase in survivin and STAT3 and their subcellular localization are key determinants of gastric cancer progression, which can be collectively used as potential disease biomarkers and therapeutic targets for gastric cancer.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/144680/1/cnr21004-Supplementary_Methods_20180313.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/144680/2/cnr21004-sup-0001-F1.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/144680/3/cnr21004_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/144680/4/cnr21004.pd
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