STANDARD MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF DVIGUNA BALIJARITA RASASINDURA

Introduction: Preparation of herbo-mineral compounds in Ayurveda revolves around mercury, considered as the prime among all minerals. Sulphur is again an important element used in many disorders and applied substance in different Ayurvedic formulations, considered as the antidote for the harmful mercurials. Kajjali is prepared by grinding mercury and sulphur. The prepared Kajjali used as a raw material for Rasasindura preparation with Kupipakva method. Kupipakva method is developed by ancient Rasaacharya for the preparation of heat treated mercurial. Dviguna gandhak jarita parada is considered more potent compare to Samaguna bali jarita. Objective: To study Kupipakva kalpana with preparation of Dviguna-bali jarita Rasa sindura. Methodology: Whole process is divided and performed as Sodhana of contents (Hingula and gandhaka), Hingulotth parada extraction, Kajjali preparation, preparation of Dviguna balijarita Rasa sindura. Observation: Hingula after Shodhana became soft and lusterless compound and Gandhaka becomes granular and brittle. Hinguloth parada extraction by Kanduka yantra method shown more yield compared to other methods. Kajjali preparation took 96 hours of Mardana of contents with Nischandra property. It took 48 hours for Dviguna Bali Jarita Rasasindura preparation by Kupipakva kalpana method with a yield of 106g. Conclusion: Preparation of Dviguna Balijarita Rasasindura needs more duration of heat treatment in every step of graded heating pattern of Kupipakva kalpana. The heating pattern is proportional to its therapeutic efficacy

Reactive Extraction of Citric Acid Using Different Extractants: Equilibrium, Kinetics and Modeling

Recovery of citric acid from biotechnologically produced low concentration aqueous solution has attracted several separation techniques for the downstream processing. Amongst them, reactive extraction is a convenient, cheap, and effective method. Three different extractants are used in this study, namely tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP), tri-n-octylamine (TOA), and Aliquat 336 (A336), all diluted in methyl-iso-butyl ketone (MIBK). The isothermal batch experiments were performed for the equilibrium and kinetic studies at T = 300.15±1 K. Around 92 % extraction efficiency (E %) was obtained using 20 % (v/v) TOA in MIBK. Based on the overloading of amine (Z > 0.5), (2:1) acid:extractant complex in TOA+MIBK phase was proposed. Kinetics of extraction of citric acid (0.2–0.8 kmol m–3) was also performed in a Lewis-type stirred cell, using TOA in MIBK. The extraction reaction was occurring in the diffusion film. The second order rate constant was calculated as k2 = 0.0351 m3 kmol–1 s–1. The extraction parameters were estimated by differential evolution optimization technique. Optimal value of equilibrium constant, KE, was found to be 3.6 · 10–3 (m3 kmol–1)2, for the reactive extraction of citric acid using 20 % TOA in MIBK, and was found in close agreement with experimental values. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

Quality control parameters of Gandhakadi Yoga tablets W. S. R. To its microscopic evaluation

Gandhakadi Yoga is a formulation suggested for Loha Sevanajanya Vikara Prashamana (Iron overload) in Ayurveda Prakasha and can be used as iron chelator which might help to decrease the iron overload. The present study was carried out to standardize the finished product Gandhakadi Yoga tablets for confirmation of its identity, quality and purity. Thus a trial was made to establish the Quality assessing parameters for Gandhakadi Yoga tablets by simple microscopic technique. The characters i.e. black debris of Gandhaka treated with Bhringaraja, light yellow brown content of Gandhaka, fragment of spongy parenchyma of Agastya leaf, oil globules and epicarp cells with tannin content of Vidanga etc. were the characteristic features of the finished product

Plant diversity assessment of selected forest sites of Gaya district of Bihar, India

Regular inventorization and monitoring of biodiversity is paramount for its conservation and sustainable utilization.  Gaya district of the Bihar is endowed with rich biodiversity. For proper understanding of plant diversity, quantitative status of the vegetation is essentially required. The aim of the study was to assess different forest sites of the Gaya district of Bihar in India for their plant diversity. Study was carried out in these randomly selected eleven forest sites (Site I to Site XI). A total of 174 species belonging to 150 genera and58 families(48 Dicotyledons, 7 monocotyledons and 3 pteridophytes) were reported from all eleven study sites.  Five largest families in the area were  Poaceae (22 spp.), Fabaceae (14 spp.), Asteraceae (11 spp.), Rubiaceae (9 spp.) and Acanthaceae (7 spp). Different diversity attributes such as Important Value Index (IVI ), Species richness, Shannon Wiener index, Concentration  of dominance and Evenness for tree, shrub and herb layers  were estimated. For different sites highest IVI values for tree, shrubby and herbaceous layers were reported.Shannon wiener Index values for tree, shrubby and herbaceous layer of Nagobar site were estimated3.376, 1.986 and 2.350 respectively. Tree diversity was highest at Nagobar site whereas shrub and herb diversity was also reasonably better than most of the sites. Hence, it was revealed from the study that Nagobar site was most diverse site in the Gaya district. Study will be immense use for officials of forest department, researcher, students etc. for carrying out conservation and management work. Similar kind of study should be carried out in different forest sites of the country to get capture the status of the plant diversity for conservation and sustainable utilization.

TRIM32 regulates mitochondrial mediated ROS levels and sensitizes the oxidative stress induced cell death

Emerging evidence suggests that ubiquitin mediated post translational modification is a critical regulatory process involved in diverse cellular pathways including cell death. During ubiquitination, E3 ligases recognize target proteins and determine the topology of ubiquitin chains. Recruitment of E3 ligases to targets proteins under stress conditions including oxidative stress and their implication in cell death have not been systemically explored. In the present study, we characterized the role of TRIM32 as an E3 ligase in regulation of oxidative stress induced cell death. TRIM32 is ubiquitously expressed in cell lines of different origin and form cytoplasmic speckle like structures that transiently interact with mitochondria under oxidative stress conditions. The ectopic expression of TRIM32 sensitizes cell death induced by oxidative stress whereas TRIM32 knockdown shows a protective effect. The turnover of TRIM32 is enhanced during oxidative stress and its expression induces ROS generation, loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential and decrease in complex-I activity. The pro-apoptotic effect was rescued by pan-caspase inhibitor or antioxidant treatment. E3 ligase activity of TRIM32 is essential for oxidative stress induced apoptotic cell death. Furthermore, TRIM32 decreases X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) level and overexpression of XIAP rescued cells from TRIM32 mediated oxidative stress and cell death. Overall, the results of this study provide the first evidence supporting the role of TRIM32 in regulating oxidative stress induced cell death, which has implications in numerous pathological conditions including cancer and neurodegeneration