The Implication of Groups with Direct Influences on Political Decision-Making: It’s a Chance to Stoke up Governments’ Role?

In this work we present a model basis on Bernheim-Whinston model, which considers that political decisions are the result of various interactions between groups with direct influence (GDI) on political decision making. According to our approach, this model stokes up government role which consists in to strengthen not only the competitiveness amongst lobbies which occurs in an flawed market and non-market and political framework, but also in the creation of counterweight power among the aforementioned lobbies, therefore a explicit regulation is required to give an efficient response to rapid politician market changes.flawed state, political decision-making, groups with direct influence (GDI), competitiveness, counterweight powers, and explicit regulation.

Negotiating the Lisbon Treaty : Redistribution, Efficiency and Power Indices

[Abstract] In this paper, we try to explain the intergovernmental negotiation of the Lisbon treaty from a rational choice perspective with the aid of power index analysis. There are two aspects of the reform of qualified majority voting (QMV) in the Council that we find puzzling. The first one is that, according to Shapley-Shubik index based on the notion of power as the distribution of a fixed prize, small and medium-sized member states have lost power as compared to the Nice treaty, which conflicts with the unanimity requirement for treaty reform. The second one is that, according to the Banzhaf measure based on the notion of power as influence, the Lisbon treaty leaves all member states worse off in absolute terms as compared to the Convention’s draft. We propose the measure developed by Steunenberg et al. (1999) as a possible solution to these paradoxes, and draw some conclusions about the nature of EU policy making and power index analysis

The Prestige Disaster And The Proposal For A European Fund For The Compensation Of Oil Pollution Damage: A Missed Opportunity For The European Union?

[Abstract] In this paper we analyze the proposal for the creation of a European fund for the compensation of oil pollution damage. We argue that experience from the accident of the Prestige tanker off the Spanish coast in 2002 made it clear that existing international liability and compensation mechanisms were insufficient. The disaster added momentum to the proposal for the creation of an intermediate tier between the national and the international regimes. However, the proposal was dropped in 2004. In this paper we analyze the causes of the proposal demise and whether a similar opportunity is likely to arise in the future

A Sharpe-Ratio-Based Measure for Currencies

[Abstract] The Sharpe Ratio offers an excellent summary of the excess return required per unit of risk invested. This work presents an adaptation of the ex-ante Sharpe Ratio for currencies where we consider a random walk approach for the currency behavior and implied volatility as a proxy for market expectations of future realized volatility. The outcome of the proposed measure seems to gauge some information on the expected required return attached to the “peso problem”

Competencia e incentivos a la cooperación en la interacción de grupos de interés que pretenden aumentar su influencia política directa: ¿cuál es la importancia de la presión política?

This study is about the interactions between GDI and government under political pressure, in a context with an agency relationship and the existence of relevant information. In particular, interactions are studied when the agency relationship is with symmetric information and it is build a research model of the GDI-government interactions in a context with an agency relationship and asymmetric information, where groups can operate in a competitive or cooperative manner. The model highlights that government expectations of utility are higher when the GDI works together, and the benefit when the GDI makes pressure in an independent way is limited to the reserve. Cooperation establishes a type of relations based on credibility that benefit to the government and the GIDI, and this will help to strengthen those linksGroups with Direct Influence (GDI), Political Pressure, Lobby (-ing), Agency Relationship, Symmetric and Asymmetric information

Efectos de los costes de cambio y de retención sobre el bienestar social en el servicio postal europeo

[Resumen] Una política que fortalece la competencia a largo plazo en el sector postal es la actuación sobre los costes de cambio y de retención. En dos escenarios de duopolio, uno con costes de cambio y otro con costes de cambio y costes de retención, el objetivo del presente trabajo es descubrir en qué medida la variación de los costes de cambio de proveedor y de los costes de retención afectan al excedente del consumidor y al beneficio de las dos firmas y, en consecuencia, al bienestar social. Se desarrolla una ampliación propia del modelo seminal de Klemperer, que incorpora los costes de retención. La metodología consiste en la determinación y comparación de las situaciones del equilibrio Cournot- Nash. Los resultados obtenidos muestran la importancia de las políticas orientadas a la reducción de los costes de cambio de proveedor como una de las políticas que fortalecen la competencia a largo plazo en un servicio de interés general, como es el servicio postal

Estimation of Colombia's tax gap: proactive measures to reduce it

[Resumen]: Mediante el uso de un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales (sem), en este artículo presentamos nueva evidencia de la sensibilidad de la brecha tributaria de Colombia a la evasión tributaria entre 1987 y 2018. Al formular tres variables latentes conexas a la evasión tributaria: 1) inestabilidad macroeconómica (EIM), 2) incumplimiento en el impuesto sobre la renta (EIRC) y 3) economía sumergida (ESE) se evidencia el impacto en el ingreso público tributario (IPT), revelando la urgencia de proponer mecanismos proactivos que reduzcan la brecha tributaria (BT).[Abstract]: Using a Structural Equation Model (sem) new evidence of the sensitivity Colombia’s tax gap to tax evasion between 1970 and 2018, is here presented. While formulating three latent variables related to tax evasion: 1) macroeconomic instability (EIM), 2) non-compliance with income tax (EIRC) and 3) underground economy (ESE), the impact on public tax revenue (IPT) is shown, revealing the urgency of proposing proactive mechanisms to reduce the tax gap

Initial Impact and Socioeconomic Compensation for the Closure of a Coal-Fired Power Plant in a Local Entity

[Abstract] This work contributes to improving the relevant information for the local participatory process, in a context of just energy transition. A proposal has been prepared for an objective estimate of the initial impact and the minimum socioeconomic compensation for the closure of a conventional coal-fired thermal power plant in the affected local entity. This has allowed (1) specifying and contextualizing the effects into which the initial impact of the closure can be divided, with the inclusion of the circular effect; (2) obtaining an indicator of the minimum compensation that would need to be set to neutralize this impact; and (3) establishing recommendations and conclusions based on the evidence obtained.This research was funded by MITECO Ministry (Government of Spain) and the As Pontes City Council.: 2019/C004/000030Concello das Pontes de García Rodríguez; 2019/C004/00003

La materialización de una letra de cambio sobre blockchain: un examen desde la economía, el derecho y la tecnología

The paper studies in depth the economic, legal and technological implications of issuing a bill of exchange on a blockchain. Features of blockchain are key in this framework since they foster the digitisation of the bill of exchange and, at the same time, guarantee its economic and legal properties. The powerful conceptual argument of the distributed ledger is the unifying thread of this paper, which allows to structure the work and to obtain promising and positive conclusions.En este trabajo los autores estudian de forma pormenorizada las implicaciones económicas, jurídicas y tecnológicas que tendría la emisión de una letra de cambio sobre blockchain. Se afirma que el empleo de blockchain hace posible impulsar la digitalización de la letra de cambio y garantizar sus propiedades económicas y jurídicas. El hilo conductor de la investigación es el poderoso argumento conceptual del libro mayor distribuido que tiene blockchain, y que permite estructurar el trabajo y obtener unas prometedoras y positivas conclusiones

Switching Costs in the European Postal Service. Are There Any Solutions?

[Abstract] This article examines the costs of switching that may exist in the European postal sector, where it is carried out an ambitious process of opening to competition since 1997. Inadequate regulation of the access to some elements of postal infrastructure or services within the scope of the universal postal service exists. This article proposes adaptations to ensure transparent and non-discriminatory access conditions to elements of postal infrastructure in line with the sectorial directives aimed at strengthening competition in the long term in the postal market. The proposed adaptations focus on services such as postcode systems, address databases, post office boxes, delivery boxes, re-direction and return to sender services. All of them can help reduce the switching cost and thus strengthen competition