Representação de linhas de transmissão por meio de variáveis de estado levando em consideração o efeito da freqüência sobre os parâmetros longitudinais

The main objective of this paper is to show the formulation rule of state matrices when the state-space approach is used to represent a transmission line taking into account its frequency dependent parameters. First, the line is represented through a cascade of pi circuits and the frequency dependence of the longitudinal parameters is synthesized with series and parallel resistors and inductors that are inserted in each pi circuit. After that the cascade is described through state equations. The model will be used to represent a single-phase line taking into account that its parameters are frequency dependents. The simulations are carried out by using Matlab and the results obtained will be compared with results obtained with Microtran.O objetivo deste trabalho é determinar as matrizes de estado que representam uma linha de transmissão cujos parâmetros são considerados variáveis em relação à freqüência. Inicialmente a linha é representada por meio de uma cascata de circuitos pi, sendo que o efeito da freqüência sobre os parâmetros longitudinais da linha é sintetizado por meio de uma associação série e paralela de resistores e indutores que é inserida em cada um dos circuitos pi. Esta cascata é então descrita por meio de variáveis de estado. O modelo será utilizado para representar uma linha monofásica, levando em consideração que os parâmetros da mesma são dependentes da freqüência. As simulações serão realizadas no ambiente Matlab. Para conferir a regra de formação das matrizes de estado, os resultados obtidos com a representação proposta serão comparados com os resultados obtidos com o Microtran.337346Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP

Effect of cavity preparation design and ceramic type on the stress distribution, strain and fracture resistance of CAD/CAM onlays in molars

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the cavity preparation and ceramic type on the stress distribution, tooth strain, fracture resistance and fracture mode of human molar teeth restored with onlays. Material and Methods: Forty-eight molars were divided into four groups (n=12) with assorted combinations of two study factors: BL- conventional onlay preparation with boxes made from leucite ceramic (IPS-Empress CAD, Ivoclar Vivadent); NBL- conservative onlay preparation without boxes made from leucite ceramic; BD- conventional onlay preparation with boxes made from lithium disilicate glass ceramic (IPS e.max CAD, Ivoclar Vivadent); NBL- conservative onlay preparation with boxes made from lithium disilicate glass ceramic cuspal deformation (µS) was measured at 100 N and at maximum fracture load using strain gauge. Fracture resistance (N) was measured using a compression test, and the fracture mode was recorded. Finite element analysis was used to evaluate the stress distribution by modified von Mises stress criteria. The tooth strain and fracture resistance data were analyzed using the Tukey test and two-way ANOVA, and the fracture mode was analyzed by the chi-square test (α=0.05). Results: The leucite ceramic resulted in higher tooth deformation at 100 N and lower tooth deformation at the maximum fracture load than the lithium disilicate ceramic (P<0.001). The lithium disilicate ceramic exhibited higher fracture resistance than the leucite ceramic (P<0.001). The conservative onlay resulted in higher fracture strength for lithium disilicate ceramic. Finite element analysis results showed the conventional cavity preparation resulted in higher stress concentration in the ceramic restoration and remaining tooth than the conservative onlay preparation. The conservative onlays exhibited increased fracture resistance, reduced stress concentration and more favorable fracture modes. Conclusion: Molars restored with lithium disilicate CAD-CAM ceramic onlays exhibited higher fracture resistance than molars restored with leucite CAD-CAM ceramic onlays

Application of Numeric Routine for Simulating Transients in Power Line Communication (PLC) Systems

Applying numerical routines based on trapezoidal rule of integration (Heun’s method for numerical integration), simple models of transmission lines are used to analyze and simulate the propagation of communication signals in PLC-type systems (power line communication systems). Such systems are shared by the same systems for the transfer of electrical power and signal transmission. For the mentioned routines, the main objectives are: simulate the propagation of electromagnetic transients in these systems and analyze the interference of such phenomena in the transmitted signal. Such simulations are performed with classical structures that represent infinitesimal units of transmission lines. Modifications in the structure of such units are analyzed to improve the results obtained by the mentioned simulations

Decomposição modal de linhas de transmissão a partir do uso de duas matrizes de transformação

Este artigo mostra um processo alternativo de decomposição modal de linhas de transmissão trifásicas, não idealmente transpostas, que possuem um plano de simetria vertical. O processo baseia-se no uso de duas matrizes de transformação modal. Inicialmente utiliza-se a matriz de Clarke para decompor a linha em suas componentes a, b e zero. Devido ao fato de as componentes alfa e zero serem acopladas, as mesmas podem ser representadas como sendo uma linha bifásica sem um plano de simetria vertical. em seguida esta linha bifásica é decomposta em seus modos exatos a partir do uso de uma matriz de decomposição modal adequada. O artigo descreve as características da linha bifásica que representa as componentes alfa e zero e mostra a aplicação do processo de decomposição modal em uma linha trifásica de 440 kV.This paper shows an alternative modal decomposition procedure of non ideally transposed three-phase transmission lines with a vertical symmetry. The procedure is based in the use of two modal transformation matrices. First, Clarke's matrix is used to separate the line in its a, b and zero components. Because alpha and zero components are mutually coupled they can be represented as being a two-phase line without a vertical symmetry plane. After that this two-phase line is separated in its exact modes by using an adequated modal transformation matrix. The paper describes the characteristics of the two-phase line used to represent the coupled alpha and zero components and it shows the application of the modal decomposition procedure in a 440 kV three-phase transmission line.Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Decomposição modal de linhas de transmissão a partir do uso de duas matrizes de transformação

This paper shows an alternative modal decomposition procedure of non ideally transposed three-phase transmission lines with a vertical symmetry. The procedure is based in the use of two modal transformation matrices. First, Clarke's matrix is used to separate the line in its a, b and zero components. Because alpha and zero components are mutually coupled they can be represented as being a two-phase line without a vertical symmetry plane. After that this two-phase line is separated in its exact modes by using an adequated modal transformation matrix. The paper describes the characteristics of the two-phase line used to represent the coupled alpha and zero components and it shows the application of the modal decomposition procedure in a 440 kV three-phase transmission line.Este artigo mostra um processo alternativo de decomposição modal de linhas de transmissão trifásicas, não idealmente transpostas, que possuem um plano de simetria vertical. O processo baseia-se no uso de duas matrizes de transformação modal. Inicialmente utiliza-se a matriz de Clarke para decompor a linha em suas componentes a, b e zero. Devido ao fato de as componentes alfa e zero serem acopladas, as mesmas podem ser representadas como sendo uma linha bifásica sem um plano de simetria vertical. Em seguida esta linha bifásica é decomposta em seus modos exatos a partir do uso de uma matriz de decomposição modal adequada. O artigo descreve as características da linha bifásica que representa as componentes alfa e zero e mostra a aplicação do processo de decomposição modal em uma linha trifásica de 440 kV.372380Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Modified routine for decreasing numeric oscillations at associations of lumped elements

Some changes in the application of the numeric trapezoidal integration are analyzed for applications considering pi circuits. It is considered numeric and computational proceedings for improving the numeric results obtained with associations of pi circuits. In numeric integration solutions of the linear systems, it is common to represent these associations of pi circuits by only one matrix. This representation introduces undesirable numeric oscillations in simulations of the dynamics of wave propagation in electrical systems. The proposed changes improve the results of application of cascades of pi circuits associated to the trapezoidal integration, avoiding that the numerical oscillations, or Gibb's oscillations, have high values and are slowly damped. For the carried out simulations, different number of pi circuits and voltage sources are checked, confirming the reduction of the influence of the numeric oscillations on the obtained results112566