Emerging Issues on GST

In the present globalized scenario, goods and services tax or GST as it is known is all set to be a game changer for the Indian economy. GST has far reaching consequences and implications and effects especially on the attainment of cost effectiveness. This is a concept which revolutionizes the face of fiscal federalism in the country and there could be a fundamental deviation from the existing powers relating to tax structure between centre and states. GST would repeal the powers to work out and impose excise duties, custom, VAT, SERVICES TAX, sales tax and purchases tax which are under the purview of centre or states. A sound, effective and easy GST regime should be implemented to all sectors of the economy. The main purpose of the GST is to bring to end existing tax administration. Thus going forward on all transactions in business of goods and services, only one tax will apply, it is GST. GST is comprising of CGST and SGST. IGST would be applied instead of SGST for interstate transactions. For successful implementation of GST, it is necessary that the government at both centre and state levels, agree to merge all their taxes into CGST/SGST

SCOPE OF YOGA PRACTICES IN HEMATOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL ALTERATIONS

For thousands of years, yoga an ancient holistic relaxation practice has been used as an effective therapeutic tool that counteracts the adverse clinicalconditions of human beings. A host of bodily changes has been observed under the influence of yoga. Such practices are really helpful in numerousdisorders including hypertension, obesity, anxiety, insomnia and aging itself and a number of other disorders. However, the underlying molecularmechanisms that explain these clinical benefits are still an enigma. The efficacy of yoga and meditation as an adjunct to routine management of variousdiseases and disorder is a great challenge in the present scenario. Ayurvedic knowledge of yoga is much more incompatible with its understanding ofbiochemical and hematological changes. Exploring the biochemical association with various yogic postures and practices will definitely improve thepractice as therapeutic adjuvant and thus, will improve the quality of life.Keywords: Yoga, Biochemical alterations, Hematological alterations

THE MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX: A REVIEW

One of the important components of the immune system, the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules allow T-lymphocytes to detect cells, such as macrophages, B-lymphocytes, and dendritic cells that ingest infectious microorganisms or the self-cells infected with microorganism. On being engulfed a microorganism, macrophage partially digests it and displays peptide fragments of the microbe on its surface, bound to MHC molecules and the T-lymphocyte recognizes the foreign fragment attached to the MHC molecule and binds to it, lead to stimulation of an immune response. The MHC molecule presents peptides from its own cell (self-peptides) in healthy self-cells to which T-cells do not normally react.Keywords: MHC, B Cells, T Cells, Antigen Processing.Â

STUDY ON SERUM LACTATE DEHYDROGENASE LEVEL IN PRECANCEROUS, CANCEROUS, AND HEALTHY SUBJECTS

Objective: Present study was carried out to evaluate the serum level of lactate hydrogenase enzyme in normal, precancerous, and cancerous subjectsindependently, to probe into the possible interrelationship among them, by utilizing biochemical parameter as an adjunct or solely to diagnose themalignant condition.Methods: The study was carried out to evaluate the role of serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) as a biochemical parameter in the oral premalignantand malignant and normal subjects. Estimation of LDH was carried out by spectrophotometric method of Wroblewski and LaDue. Statistical analysiswas done using Student's t-test.Result: An increased level of LDH was found in serum in patients with oral premalignant and malignant lesions. Moreover, the raised level of LDH hada positive correlation with the histologic grading.Conclusion: Serum LDH in normal subject is 338.82 WL unit /ml. However the mean LDH value increases to 485.66 in premalignant lesion and to762.72 WL unit /ml in malignancy. Thus we conclude that serum LDH level increases in premalignant lesion and malignancy.Keywords: Lactate dehydrogenase, Leukoplakia, Oral cancer

Internet and its Impact on the Patient-Physician Relationship Patient Visiting Various Dental Clinics in Northern India

INTRODUCTION: Readily available health-related information over the internet has led to increased patient awareness, and this might be a possible factor straining the patient-physician relationship. AIM: To assess the impact of the internet on the patient-physician relationship amongst patient visiting various dental clinics in Northern India. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Of the 600 pre-tested online questionnaires distributed, a total of 456 (response rate 76%) adequately filled questionnaires were analysed for the impact of internet on the patient-physician relationship. Responses were subsequently tabulated and analysed using SPSS Version 21.0. Statistical significance was kept as p≤0.05. RESULTS: A statistically significant difference (p=.04) was seen amongst males and females regarding their internet usage with a higher proportion of health information being seeked by males. Most internet users (66.6%) followed their physician’s advice before they began using the internet with behavioural changes seen mostly in the 18-30 years age group (75.64%), yet only 14.38% of them informing their physician about such changes. CONCLUSION: It is important that people be advised about the potential risks of believing in sources from the internet with physicians also being advised to spend more quality time with their patients to alleviate them of their fears and doubts

FUTURISTIC SCPOPE OF BIOMARKERS IN TUBERCULOSIS

ABSTRACTOne of the major causes of the mortality from single infectious agent, tuberculosis (TB) is prevalent worldwide. India has the highest number of TBcases in the world. It is the leading cause of death, because of its high mortality and morbidity because of the disease. Reason lies in the emergenceof multidrug-resistant TB strains, and the HIV infection, which reactivates the latent TB making it more severe. Moreover, failure to diagnose TBearly remains one of the primary hurdles in controlling of the disease. TB is a potentially hazardous infectious disease attacks various organs, mainlyaffecting lungs. The bacteria causing TB are spread from one person to another. Tiny droplets released into the air via coughs and sneezes lead to thepassage of infection. The disease is generally diagnosed by its symptoms, radiographic methods, and sputum smear microscopy and by cultivation ofthe Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is considered as gold standard. Current advances in molecular biology and molecular epidemiology and a betterunderstanding of drug resistance in TB have given a new horizon to its rapid diagnosis. However, the cost-effective techniques, and their requirementfor sophisticated equipment and skilled personals have excluded their implementation on a routine basis, especially in low-income countries.Keywords: Biochemical markers, Tuberculosis, Microbiological tuberculosis

STUDY OF PANEL OF DIAGNOSTIC CARDIAC MARKERS FOR ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

Objectives: The aim of this study is to estimate the level of creatine kinase-myocardial band (CK-MB), C-reactive protein (CRP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) biomarker in myocardial infarction (MI) (troponin T-positive) and compare with normal healthy individuals (Troponin-T [TnT] negative). Methods: A cross-sectional study on 172 patients involving 100 patients with nondiabetic MI and 72 apparently healthy controls with no history of diabetes and/or MI was done from December 2017 to May 2018. The diagnosis of MI was established with electrocardiogram findings and TnT estimation. Blood samples were gathered and processed for the estimation of CK-MB, LDH, and CRP. Results: The mean age of the cases was 62.15±7.75 years and in the controls was 61.49±8.35 years (p=0.592). The mean value of CK-MB, LDH, and CRP in the TnT positive group was 111.94±29.59 IU/L, 564.43±110.99 IU/L, and 15.69±4.04 mg/L, whereas in the TnT negative group was 16.36±3.77 IU/L, 223.68±36.23 IU/L, and 6.08±2.02 mg/L, respectively (p<0.0001). CK-MB was deranged in 100% of TnT positive group, and in only 2.78% in TnT negative group (p<0.0001). LDH was deranged in 100% TnT positive group, and in 16.67% in TnT negative group (p<0.0001). CRP was deranged in 4% TnT positive group, and in 0% in TnT negative group (p=0.141). Conclusion: This study indicated that CK-MB and LDH are sensitive cardiac markers for the diagnosis of MI

Detection Of Fetal Electrocardiogram from Multivariate Abdominal Recordings by using Wavelets and Neuro-Fuzzy Systems

The fetal electrocardiogram (FECG) signal reflects the electrical activity of the fetal heart. It contains  information  on  the health  status of the fetus and therefore, an early diagnosis of any cardiac defects before delivery (Specially in case of  labour pain) increases the effectiveness of the appropriate treatment. In this paper we consider one signal from the thoracic and another from abdomen of the mother. The artificial neural network fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is used for estimating the FECG component from one abdominal ECG recording and one reference thoracic maternal electrocardiogram (MECG) signal. The obtained FECG is being enhanced by using wavelet transform. Key words: ECG, MECG, FECG, Neural network , Fuzzy logic, Membership function and Wavelet transform

Influences of friction stir welding on the microstructure, mechanical and corrosion behaviour of AL-ZN-MG aluminium alloy 7039

This paper presents the influence of friction stir welding (FSW) on the microstructure, mechanical and corrosion behavior of precipitation hardening Al-Zn-Mg alloy AA7039. The microstructure of weld joints was investigated using an optical microscope. The grains in weld nugget zone (WNZ) and thermo-mechanically affected zone (TMAZ) of weld joints were finer than in the base metal and a reverse trend was observed for heat affected zone (HAZ). Mechanical properties of friction stir weld joints were determined by tensile and micro hardness test. The ultimate tensile strength of weld joints was found approximately equal to the base metal while yield strength and ductility of weld joints were found lower than in the base metal. HAZ of weld joints was more susceptible to corrosion than WNZ, TMAZ and base metal. The HAZ exibits the highest current density followed by the base metal

ASSESSMENT OF URIC ACID IN POST-MENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROTIC WOMEN

ABSTRACTObjective: Osteoporosis is a quite common in post-menopausal women due to estrogen deficiency. Uric acid (UA) concentration has found somecontroversial association with bone mineral density (BMD). Hence, the role of UA may be beneficial to know due to the sign and symptoms presentedby osteoporosis patients.Methods: A total of 79 post-menopausal women were recruited without having a previous history of osteoporosis or the secondary osteoporosis.Their BMD was estimated by estimating T-score and Z-score at the tibia and radius level. Total calcium ionized calcium, serum phosphate, alkalinephosphatase (ALP), and UA level were estimated by a colorimetric method.Results and Conclusions: There were 38 women having osteoporosis and remaining 41 with pre-osteoporosis or osteopenia. Significant resultswere obtained between these groups. Total calcium and ionized calcium were higher is osteopenic group and the result highly significant (<0.001).Serum concentration of phosphate and ALP were significantly (<0.01) higher in the osteoporotic group. The UA level was significantly higher(<0.001) in the osteoporotic women. There were positive association (standardized β=0.265, p=0.018) serum UA and ALP in the study group. Inconclusion, post-menopausal women with pre-osteoporosis as well as osteoporosis are characterized by elevated concentration of UA. The role ofUA in bone loss disorder could not be neglected as hyperuricemia may give rise to several other life-threatening diseases associated with this, incoming future.Keywords: Osteoporosis, Osteopenia, Uric acid, Bone mineral density