BIOAVAILABILITY AND DISSOLUTION ENHANCEMENT OF GLYBURIDE NANOSUSPENSION

Objective: The main objective was to develop nanosuspension of glyburide (GLY) by quasi emulsification solvent diffusion method and to enhance dissolution and bioavailability characteristics of the drug GLY, an antidiabetic drug which belongs to Biopharmaceutical Classification System-II category. Materials and Methods: In this work, nanoparticles were prepared using polyvinyl alcohol, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, and Eudragit RL100. Twelve formulations of GLY (GLY-1–GLY-12) were formulated using the excipients at various compositions. Drug and excipient compatibility studies were conducted using Fourier transform infrared and differential scanning calorimeter. The prepared nanosuspension was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy for surface of the particle analysis, melting point, solubility, particle charge zeta (mv), percentage drug entrapment efficiency (%), and in vitro drug release. The optimized formulations of nanosuspension were further studied for in vivo pharmacokinetic evaluation. Reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed, validated, and used for the study of these formulations in rat plasma. Results: From these studies, it was confirmed that drugs and excipients chosen were compatible with each other. GLY-8 was the best formulation with a particle size of 85–96 nm with 168.7°C melting point, freely soluble in phosphate buffer pH 7.4, 93.53% drug entrapment, and 90.26±1 mV of zeta potential. This formulation shows percentage drug release of 99.85% in 24 h. In vivo pharmacokinetic study for optimized formulation (GLY -8) suggested that there was no reaction with the rat plasma. From the results, it was shown that Cmax and Tmax were found to be 0.604±0.03 μg/ml and 2±1.01 h, respectively. The values of t1/2 (h), area under the curve (AUC) (0-t), and AUC (0-∞) were found to be 10.04 h, 2.562±0.41 μg.h/ml, and 2.147±0.45 μg.h/ml, respectively. Conclusion: Based on the results obtained, oral administration of nanosuspension could not only provide the better absorption of poorly water soluble drugs but may also reduce toxicity and provide a new tool in drug delivery system

Properties of Phase transitions of a Higher Order

The following is a thermodynamic analysis of a III order (and some aspects of a IV order) phase transition. Such a transition can occur in a superconductor if the normal state is a diamagnet. The equation for a phase boundary in an H-T (H is the magnetic field, T, the temperature) plane is derived. by considering two possible forms of the gradient energy, it is possible to construct a field theory which describes a III or a IV order transition and permits a study of thermal fluctuations and inhomogeneous order parameters.Comment: 13 pages, revtex, no figure

Synthesis and antifungal activity screening of some novel 7–substituted –2–hydroxy–quinoline schiff bases

With an objective of synthesizing some novel, potent and broad spectrum antifungal activity having compounds, here some novel quinoline derivatives are reported. Initially 7-substituted-2-cholro-3-formylquinolines were prepared using well known Vilsemeir-Hack reagent method. These on microwave irradiation with 4M HCl yielded 7-substituted-2-hydroxy quinoline-3-carbaldehydes I(a, b), which on further treatment with different substituted hydrazides yielded the novel Schiff bases of quinoline II(a-f). The structure of all newly synthesized compounds was confirmed by spectral study such as IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectroscopy. All the synthesized compounds were screened for in-vitro antifungal activity by two fold serial dilution method using fluconazole as the standard drug. Compounds II a, II b and II d showed significant antioxidant activit

Study Of Reactive Power Compensation Using STATCOM

The study of shunt connected FACTS devices is a connected field with the problem of reactive power compensation and better mitigation of transmission related problems in today’s world. In this paper we study the shunt operation of FACTS controller, the STATCOM, and how it helps in the better utilization of a network operating under normal conditions. First we carry out a literature review of many papers related to FACTS and STATCOM, along with reactive power control. Then we look at the various devices being used for both series and shunt compensation. The study of STATCOM and its principles of operation and control, including phase angle control and PWM techniques, are carried out. We also delve into the load flow equations which are necessary for any power system solution and carry out a comprehensive study of the Newton Raphson method of load flow. Apart from this, we also carry out a study of the transient stability of power systems, and how it is useful in determining the behavior of the system under a fault. As an example, a six bus system is studied using the load flow equations and solving them. First this is done without the STATCOM and then the STATCOM is implemented and the characteristics of the rotor angle graph along with faults at various buses are seen. In this thesis, it is tried to show the application of STATCOM to a bus system and its effect on the voltage and angle of the buses. Next the graphs depicting the implemented STATCOM bus are analyzed and it is shown that the plots of the rotor angles show a changed characteristic under the influence of the STATCOM

Intertwined Functions of Separase and Caspase in Cell Division and Programmed Cell Death.

Timely sister chromatid separation, promoted by separase, is essential for faithful chromosome segregation. Separase is a member of the CD clan of cysteine proteases, which also includes the pro-apoptotic enzymes known as caspases. We report a role for the C. elegans separase SEP-1, primarily known for its essential activity in cell division and cortical granule exocytosis, in developmentally programmed cell death when the predominant pro-apoptotic caspase CED-3 is compromised. Loss of SEP-1 results in extra surviving cells in a weak ced-3(-) mutant, and suppresses the embryonic lethality of a mutant defective for the apoptotic suppressor ced-9/Bcl-2 implicating SEP-1 in execution of apoptosis. We also report apparent non-apoptotic roles for CED-3 in promoting germ cell proliferation, meiotic chromosome disjunction, egg shell formation, and the normal rate of embryonic development. Moreover, loss of the soma-specific (CSP-3) and germline-specific (CSP-2) caspase inhibitors result in CED-3-dependent suppression of embryonic lethality and meiotic chromosome non-disjunction respectively, when separase function is compromised. Thus, while caspases and separases have evolved different substrate specificities associated with their specialized functions in apoptosis and cell division respectively, they appear to have retained the residual ability to participate in both processes, supporting the view that co-option of components in cell division may have led to the innovation of programmed cell suicide early in metazoan evolution

Experimental Study on Surface Roughness in MS Bar by using Double Point Cutting Tool in Turning

A special type of a tool is designed and made to have two cutting points for turning long workpieces and it may be termed as the double point cutting tool. The double point cutting tool has two cutting points which has the height difference of 0.5 mm and the distance between them is 6 mm . So that when the first cutting point takes 0.5 mm depth of cut and next to that the second cutting point also takes 0.5 mm depth of cut as the tool proceeds for turning. Hence the total machining time is reduced considerably. Surface finish depends on work material, tool material, type of tool, cutting speed, feed and so on. Investigation on Surface Roughness in Mild Steel bar after turning by using HSS Double Point Cutting Tool for different cutting conditions is presented in this Research article

Dolphin excluder net - an indigenous method to ward off the damage by dolphins in ring net

After the introduction of ring net in Kozhikode district in 1989, there was a gradual reduction of other traditional pelagic gears in this area. At present, ring net is the main gear for the exploitation of pelagic resources like oil sardine and mackerel. One of the problems faced by the fishermen operating the ring net is the damage of the gear caused by dolphin when it tries to prey up on the fish. Now the fishermen have found out an indigenous way to save the net from this menace by encircling the ring net by another net. This method has been in use by some boats for the last four to five years, and of late it has become very popular