Production and Immobilization of Alpha Amylase by Using Bacillus subtilis

The α-amylase producing organisms were isolated from soil sample, such as Bacillus sp (2 isolates), Bacillus cereus (1 isolates), Bacillus subtilis (2 isolates) by basal medium and identified by standard biochemical test. The high yielding strain was identified as Bacillus subtilis and used for amylase production. Different  parameters  like temperature (10°C, room temperature (25°-30°C), 37°C & 55°C different pH (6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0) and incubation periods (1-5 days) were used for the α-amylase production. The isolate was inoculated to the production medium and incubated, then it was centrifuged  and the supernatant containing crude enzyme extract is used for protein estimation and activity. It was found that α-amylase production and activity was high at 37°Cat pH 7.0 in 48 hours. The organism was grown in the optimum conditions mentioned above and the enzyme α-amylase was immobilized by alginate gel entrapment method. From the organism the plasmid and the chromosomal DNA was isolated and detected

Antibacterial Activity and Phytochemical Standardization of Rhinacanthus nasutus (White Crane)

            Plants are the most exclusive source of drugs for the majority of the words population and plant products constitute about 25% at prescribed medicines phytochemical tests have been performed in about 5,000 and nearly 1,100 species are exclusively exploted in 80% Ayurvedic, 46% Unani and 33% Allopathi medicine. The values of the present data indicated that ethanolic extract (5.8%) and aqueous extract (6.8%) showed higher extractive values when compared to other solvents. Ethyl acetate showed the least extraction value (0.9%). At the maximum concentration tested, (250µg) the organisms showed maximum sensitivity and the leaf extract proved to be better than the antibiotic disc Chloramphenicol (30mcg) which recorded 24mm as a zone of inhibition.  The promising alkaloid, Rhinacanthin has potent medicinal applications. It exhibits anti proliferate activity, antimicrobial activity against dermatophytes and inhibits platdent aggregation. In spite of it’s potential. It remains unexplored and under utilized and hence chosen for the present study

SOURCES AND APPLICATION OF FUNDS IN COOPERATIVE URBAN BANKS IN COMPOSITE THANJAVUR DISTRICT

The efficient and effective management of funds in cooperative urban banks is akin to a healthy person in whom the healthy heart circulates blood efficiently. Thus, the success or failure of any financial institutions is closely linked with the managerial competence in managing the funds. In this study examine the Sources and how the funds are mobilized in Selected Co-operative Urban Banks in Composite Thanjavur district

Relationship between qualitative physics and fuzzy logic in natural subsystems

44-49The purpose of this research is to present a comparison between the two ad hoc appearance and control techniques of conceptual systems. In that respect, it is a description of the interconnected notion between the principle of qualitative physics and of ambiguous quality. On that basis the first point is to determine the key feature of each approach is significant. In the early stages of the product development and forecasting process, a large number of input energies were used for its creation. However, they are still being used in nature, though not subjectively impure. Therefore, this research presents the concept of the relationship between qualitative physics and fuzzy logic in terms of developing predictive outputs and using logical resources. Finally, the relationship between qualitative physics and fuzzy logic processes has been proven with the support of the selected natural subsystem

Studies on the effect of mercury on germination and biochemical changes of ground nut [Arachis hypogaea (L). var. VRI- 1] seedlings

The uptake and accumulation of mercury in various parts of the plants namely stem, root, leaf and seeds showed a gradual decrease with the steady increase in mercury treatment. It can be concluded that the VRI-1 variety of groundnut was proved to be tolerant to mercury. Hence it can it is recommended that the variety VRI – 1 can be cultivated in the soils contaminated with mercury and chloralkali  plants which use mercury as an electrode in cells for the manufacture of caustic soda and chlorine effluent. This will prevent considerably the extent of damage caused by mercuryon ground nut to a certain extent

ETHNOBOTANICAL SURVEY OF CHITTERI HILLS OF EASTERN GHATS IN DHARMAPURI DISTRICT-TAMILNADU

Flora and fauna diversities are two facts components of biodiversity which covers the variety and variability of species. A survey was conducted to study the rare plants of chitteri hills, Tamil Nadu, India. 96 Plants Belonging to 48 Family, 90 Genus and 96 species were Documented Plants totally were under thorough investigation. Of these monocots are represented by 7 species belonging to 7 genera and 4 families, while dicot contributed by 87 species belonging to 82 genera and 39 families, Ferns 2 families and 2 genera, Fungi 1 family and 1 Genera. Plant species were recorded and identified during the survey. The results show that the habitat of plants belongs to herbs, shrubs and tree species. But, we have observed only minimum tree species. Of these monocots are represented by 7 species belonging to 7 genera and 4 families, while dicots contributed by 87 species belonging to 82 genera and 39 families, Ferns 2 families and 2 genera, Fungi 1 family and 1 Genera. The study decipts that Chitteri Hills have different variety of plants distributed all over the mountain

Microstructural characterization of friction stir welded AA5083 aluminum alloy joints

The objective of the current work is to apply Taguchi L9 orthogonal array to enhance the welding process factors for friction stir welding (FSW) of AA5083 aluminium alloy plates. Using a randomized procedure, the Taguchi orthogonal array was implemented to identify the FSW process parameters such as the rotating speed of the tool, welding speed, and tilting angle of the tool. The optimum welding parameters for the ultimate tensile strength and hardness of the joints were predicted and the individual rank of each process parameter on the ultimate tensile strength and hardness of the friction stir weld was assessed by investigative ANOVA results and the S/N ratio (signal-to- noise ratio). The most desirable rotational speed of the tool, welding speed and tilting angle of the tool were 600 rev. per. min, 70 millimeter/min and 1o appropriately for the ultimate eluting strength and 600 rev. per. min, 80 millimeter/min and 1o correspondingly for summit joint hardness. The outcomes of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) designated that the tilting angle of the tool has the higher statistical effect succeeded by the welding velocity and rotational speed of the tool. Furthermore, metallurgical properties of the weld cross-sections were investigated by using optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. The microstructure of the stir zone reveals finer grain structure, directed to the higher hardness, which gives rise to higher tensile strength

Characterization of Neuronal Tau Protein as a Target of Extracellular Signal-regulated Kinase

Tau neuronal protein has a central role in neurodegeneration and is implicated in Alzheimer disease development. Abnormal phosphorylation of Tau impairs its interaction with other proteins and is associated with its dysregulation in pathological conditions. Molecular mechanisms leading to hyperphosphorylation of Tau in pathological conditions are unknown. Here, we characterize phosphorylation of Tau by extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK2), a mitogen-activated kinase (MAPK) that responds to extracellular signals. Analysis of in vitro phosphorylated Tau by activated recombinant ERK2 with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) reveals phosphorylation of 15 Ser/Thr sites. In vitro phosphorylation of Tau using rat brain extract and subsequent NMR analysis identifies the same sites. Phosphorylation with rat brain extract is known to transform Tau into an Alzheimer disease-like state. Our results indicate that phosphorylation of Tau by ERK2 alone is sufficient to produce the same characteristics. We further investigate the mechanism of ERK2 phosphorylation of Tau. Kinases are known to recognize their protein substrates not only by their specificity for a targeted Ser or Thr phosphorylation site but also by binding to linear-peptide motifs called docking sites. We identify two main ERK2 docking sites in Tau sequence using NMR. Our results suggest that ERK2 dysregulation in Alzheimer disease could lead to abnormal phosphorylation of Tau resulting in the pathology of the disease.This work was supported by TGE RMN THC (FR-3050, France) and FRABio (Lille University, CNRS, FR 3688) and also by a grant from the LabEx (Laboratory of Excellence), DISTALZ (Development of Innovative Strategies for a Transdisciplinary approach to Alzheimer's disease), and in part by the French government funding agency Agence Nationale de la Recherche TAF. This work was supported by National Institutes of Health Grant R01 GM081578 (to S. P. and J. G.). The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest with the contents of this article. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health

The Macronuclear Genome of \u3cem\u3eStentor coeruleus\u3c/em\u3e Reveals Tiny Introns in a Giant Cell

The giant, single-celled organism Stentor coeruleus has a long history as a model system for studying pattern formation and regeneration in single cells. Stentor [1, 2] is a heterotrichous ciliate distantly related to familiar ciliate models, such as Tetrahymena or Paramecium. The primary distinguishing feature of Stentor is its incredible size: a single cell is 1 mm long. Early developmental biologists, including T.H. Morgan [3], were attracted to the system because of its regenerative abilities—if large portions of a cell are surgically removed, the remnant reorganizes into a normal-looking but smaller cell with correct proportionality [2, 3]. These biologists were also drawn to Stentor because it exhibits a rich repertoire of behaviors, including light avoidance, mechanosensitive contraction, food selection, and even the ability to habituate to touch, a simple form of learning usually seen in higher organisms [4]. While early microsurgical approaches demonstrated a startling array of regenerative and morphogenetic processes in this single-celled organism, Stentor was never developed as a molecular model system. We report the sequencing of the Stentor coeruleus macronuclear genome and reveal key features of the genome. First, we find that Stentor uses the standard genetic code, suggesting that ciliate-specific genetic codes arose after Stentor branched from other ciliates. We also discover that ploidy correlates with Stentor’s cell size. Finally, in the Stentor genome, we discover the smallest spliceosomal introns reported for any species. The sequenced genome opens the door to molecular analysis of single-cell regeneration in Stentor