Avaliação comparativa de métodos e técnicas batimétricas na obtenção das curvas Cota X Área X Volume de reservatórios em usinas hidrelétricas

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Geociências, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Geociências Aplicadas, 2019.Levantamentos batimétricos em reservatórios de usinas hidrelétricas têm como objetivo atualizar as estimativas de volume, servindo como base de dados para estimativas futuras da capacidade de armazenamento de água e das taxas de sedimentação. Considerado um processo caro e demorado, a batimetria, quando má planejada, pode embutir erros na modelagem do terreno em função do espaçamento de aquisição entre as as seções topobatimétricas; consequentemente, levando a maiores erros nas respostas das curvas Cota x Área x Volume (CAVs) dos reservatórios. Sendo assim, a avaliação das técnicas atuais de aquisição batimétrica e dos métodos de interpolação, para uma melhor estimativa acerca dos volumes de reservatórios, se tornam importantes ferramentas no entendimento e gestão desses sistemas hídricos. Essa pesquisa tem como objetivo determinar de que forma levantamentos de dados com diferentes espaçamentos de aquisição e diferentes formas de interpolação influenciam no cálculo do volume de reservatórios. Os reservatórios utilizados nesse projeto são: UHE Chavantes; UHE Água Vermelha; UHE Capivara; UHE Irapé e UHE Rio das Pedras. Neste trabalho, foram extraídas seções transversais do mapa batimétrico gerado pela aquisição de dados de batimetria multifeixe, simulando uma aquisição de batimetria monofeixe com espaçamentos variados. Modelos Digitais de Terreno foram obtidos então, com o software ArcGis, a partir das metodologias de interpolação Topo to Raster e TIN. O volume de mínima normal foi calculado para cada MDT gerado e comparado com o volume do MDT da metodologia multifeixe. A partir dos volumes calculados foi possível realizar a regressão quadrática com qualidade de ajuste próximo a 100%. A regressão dos dados mostrou que quanto maior o espaçamento entre seções menor será o volume calculado. A subtração entre o MDT de maior espaçamento e o MDT de batimetria multifeixe, mostrou a diferença nos relevos e os erros presentes em cada interpolação. Com isso, regiões que apresentaram baixa complexidade de fundo (i.e. leito) não apresentaram variações significativas no volume estimado entre as técnicas batimétricas multifeixe e monofeixe, podendo ser aplicada a última metodologia, que é mais simples, de menor custo e resultado igualmente confiável na estimativa do cálculo de volume de reservatórios. No entanto, reservatórios com alta complexidade de fundo, apresentaram erros significativos na geração das curvas CAVs com o aumento da equidistância das seções. Dentre os interpoladores analisados, o Topo to Raster apresentou menor valor de RMS, portanto, os resultados mais confiáveis no cálculo de volume, principalmente, quando adicionada as linhas de drenagem à interpolação, representando o fundo dos reservatórios de forma mais acurada. Com relação às técnicas de aquisição, a resposta do volume é subestimada pela técnica monofeixe quando comparada com a técnica multifeixe. Esse resultado é função, principalmente, da abertura angular dos feixes (maior na técnica monofeixe) e da velocidade do som na água que, em geral, não é adquirida quando em levantamentos batimétricos monofeixe.Bathymetric surveys in water reservoirs aim to update the volume estimates, serving as a database for future estimates of water storage capacity and sedimentation rates. Considered an expensive and time-consuming process, the bathymetry, when badly planned, can embed errors in the terrain modeling as a function of the acquisition spacing between the topobatimetric sections; consequently, leading to larger errors in the responses to the elevation-area-volume curves of the reservoirs. Therefore, the evaluation of current techniques of bathymetric surveys and interpolation methods, for a better estimation of reservoir volumes, become important tools for the understanding and management of these water systems. This work aims to determine how data surveys with different acquisition spacing and different forms of interpolation influence the calculation of the reservoir volume. The reservoirs used in this project are: HPP Chavantes; HPP Água Vermelha; HPP Capivara; HPP Irapé and HPP Rio das Pedras. In this work, cross sections were extracted from the bathymetric map generated by the multibeam survey, simulating a singlebeam survey with varied spacings. Digital Terrain Models were then obtained, using ArcGis software, from Topo to Raster and TIN interpolation methodologies. The minimum volume was calculated for each DTM generated and compared to the DTM volume of the multibeam methodology. From the calculated volumes it was possible to perform quadratic regression with adjustment quality close to 100%. The regression of the data showed that the larger the spacing between sections, the smaller the calculated volume. The subtraction between the DTM of greater spacing and the DTM of multibeam bathymetry showed the difference in the reliefs and the errors presented in each interpolation. Thus, regions that presented low terrain complexity didn’t present significant variations in the estimated volume between multibeam and singlebeam bathymetric techniques, and that the last methodology, which is simpler and of lower cost has equally reliable results in the estimation of the volume calculation. However, reservoirs with high terrain complexity presented significant errors in the generation of elevation-area-volume curves with increasing equidistance of the sections. Among the interpolators analyzed, the Topo to Raster presented lower RMS value, therefore, the more reliable results in the volume calculation, especially when the drainage lines were added to the interpolation, representing the bottom of the reservoirs more accurately. Regarding the survey techniques, the volume response is underestimated by the singlebeam technique when compared to the multibeam technique. This result is mainly a function of the angular aperture of beams (higher in the singlebeam technique) and the velocity of sound in the water, which is not usually acquired during singlebeam bathymetric surveys

O uso de compostos de resíduos urbanos deve ter em conta a sua composição, a dose e as condições de aplicação

A matéria orgânica tem um papel central na fertilidade do solo. Entre muitos outros efeitos benéficos, a matéria orgânica pode melhorar o arejamento de solos argilosos e a capacidade a capacidade de retenção de água de solos arenosos. O seu contributo é também importante na atividade biológica dos solos e na ciclagem de nutrientes (Weil e Brady, 2017). Em vastas regiões do globo, os solos têm teores baixos de matéria orgânica, devido a restrições ecológicas naturais à produtividade dos ecossistemas ou a práticas culturais que não promovem o incremento de matéria orgânica do solo e estimulam a sua mineralização. Na região mediterrânica, diversas culturas perenes, como vinhas, olivais e amendoais são cultivados em solos pobres em matéria orgânica (Almagro et al., 2016; Torres et al., 2018).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Estudo dos fatores que influenciam na motivação para os deslocamentos a pé / Study of factors that influence motivation for walking

Com a expansão das cidades e a priorização do uso do automóvel se faz necessário pensar em soluções ambientalmente sustentáveis, socialmente justas e economicamente viáveis. Nesse sentido, o incentivo à caminhada é apontado como uma das diretrizes para se alcançar a mobilidade urbana sustentável. O estudo de fatores que influenciam as decisões de se deslocar a pé é essencial para melhoria dos espaços urbanos para pedestres. Este artigo apresenta um estudo sobre quais fatores mais influenciam nas decisões de se realizar deslocamentos a pé, classificando-os, por grau de importância, a partir da opinião do pedestre, através da aplicação de questionário fechado em dois bairros da cidade de Niterói (RJ), com perfis sócio-econômicos diversificados. Dos seis fatores analisados para cada um dos dois bairros, os resultados apresentaram variações. Destaca-se para o bairro do Fonseca, o de menor nível sócioeconômico, o fator “calçadas“ considerado como o mais importante, enquanto, “segurança pública“ foi o fator de maior importância no bairro Icaraí, o de maior nível sócioeconômico. Conclui-se que é fundamental considerar características sócioeconômicas e de estilo de vida dos usuários na elaboração de projetos de transportes e urbanísticos de forma a promover a mobilidade urbana sustentável

Production of low-cost hydrochars by hydrothermal carbonization of compost: kinetic modeling and treatment of the generated liquid effluent by Fenton

The production of hydrochars from compost through hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) was studied as valorization alternative against organic waste accumulation. Temperature, time and load of compost were varied in the HTC process and the carbon content of the solid and the liquid effluent were used as dataset to develop a kinetic model able to predict the carbon content in the hydrochars and in the effluent at different operating conditions. Furthermore, the treatment of the liquid effluent resulting from the HTC process was assessed by Fenton reaction.This work was financially supported by project “VALORCOMP - Valorización de compost y otros desechos procedentes de la fracción orgánica de los residuos municipales”, 0119_VALORCOMP_2_P, and project “AIProcMat@N2020 - Advanced Industrial Processes and Materials for a Sustainable Northern Region of Portugal 2020”, reference NORTE-01-0145-FEDER- 000006, supported by NORTE 2020, under the Portugal 2020 Partnership Agreement, through FEDER, and Project Associate Laboratory LSRE-LCM - UID/EQU/50020/2019 - funded by national funds through FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Kinetic modelling of the hydrothermal carbonization of compost derived from municipal solid waste

Nowadays, municipal solid waste (MSW) management commonly includes a mechanical and biological treatment process (MBT). The solid stream from the anaerobic digestion of the organic fraction can be processed to obtain a compost, which can be used as fertilizer. However, compost production is higher than the existing demand, and the expected developments on up-coming directives ruling “End-of-waste” criteria are leading to barriers on the use of MSW-derived fertilizers [1]. Thus, the development of new alternatives for the treatment of organic wastes and compost valorization are necessary. This work deals with the valorization of compost from MBT, through the production of catalysts by Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC) [2]. HTC of the compost was carried out in a Teflon vessel inserted in a stainless-steel body at different operating conditions (150-230 ºC,1-5 h, 1-4 g of compost, 30 mL). A Doehlert Matrix was considered to plan the experiments. The carbon balance and the kinetic equations were evaluated from experimental data reporting the carbon content in the liquid (estimated by TOC analysis) and solid phases (estimated by elemental analysis). A lumped kinetic model based on the elemental carbon content is proposed (Fig. 1), anticipating that the compost (C) undergoes reactions that originate liquid intermediates (L), reaction 1, and sequentially results in hydrochar (HC) and gases (G), reactions 2 and 3, respectively. In addition, it was assumed that HC and G were also produced from the compost directly, reactions 4 and 5, respectively. The highest kinetic constant at 190 ºC (8.3·10-4 min-1) was found for the formation of the liquid soluble intermediates from compost (reaction 1), whereas the production of hydrochar from the liquid intermediates (reaction 2) shows the lowest kinetic constant (3.1·10-4 min-1). The lowest activation energy was estimated for reaction 1 (23 kJ·mol-1), while reactions 2 and 4, related to the formation of hydrochar, resulted in the highest values (85 and 195 kJ·mol-1, respectively), meaning that the production of hydrochar strongly depends on the temperature.This work was financially supported by project “VALORCOMP - Valorización de compost y otros desechos procedentes de la fracción orgánica de los residuos municipales”, 0119_VALORCOMP_2_P, and project “AIProcMat@N2020 - Advanced Industrial Processes and Materials for a Sustainable Northern Region of Portugal 2020”, reference NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000006, supported by NORTE 2020, under the Portugal 2020 Partnership Agreement, through FEDER; the Associate Laboratory LSRELCM - UID/EQU/50020/2019 - funded by national funds through FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC); and CIMO UID/AGR/00690/2019 through FEDER under Program PT2020.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Low-cost biochar produced by hydrothermal carbonization of compost derived from municipal solid waste

In waste processing facilities equipped with mechanical biological treatment systems, the municipal solid waste (MSW) is separated and the organic fraction is then treated by anaerobic digestion, obtaining compost that can be used as fertilizer. However, the production of compost from MBT is higher than the existing demand. This work proposes the valorization of compost derived from MSW to produced activated carbons by Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC) [1].This work was supported by the project “VALORCOMP”, with the reference 0119_VALORCOMP_2_P, and project “AIProcMat@N2020”, with the reference NORTE-01- 0145-FEDER-000006, and the Project Associate Laboratory LSRE-LCM - UID/EQU/50020/2019 - funded by national funds through FCT/MCTES (PIDDAC).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Treatment of oily streams contaminated with lipophilic pollutants by peroxide oxidation using catalysts developed from compost derived from municipal solid waste

Nowadays, waste management through mechanical biological treatment (MTB) consists on the use of the separated organic fraction of municipal solid waste (MSW) to feed anaerobic digestion processes, resulting therein a solid stream, further processed to compost, which can be used in agriculture. Currently, the production of compost is higher when compared to its demand and expected developments on coming directives under “End-of-waste” criteria are leading to barriers on the use of fertilizers resulting from waste [1]. Within this context, the current work proposes an alternative strategy to the valorisation of compost, through the production of low-cost materials to be used in catalytic processes. Thus, several materials were prepared from compost obtained from a MTB plant for MSW. The compost was first mixed and washed with water, in order to homogenise and remove soluble compounds and suspend solids. Then, two different materials were prepared by carbonization at 400 (C-400) and 800 ºC (C-800). In addition, following the procedure previously described [2], two materials were prepared with H2SO4 before and after the carbonization at 800 ºC (C-S-800 and C-800-S, respectively). The materials were assessed in H2O2 decomposition and peroxide oxidation of three model pollutants with different lipophilic character, Sudan-IV (S-IV), 2-nitrophenol (2-NP) and 4nitrophenol (4-NP) in cyclohexane and water in order to simulate oily wastewater (Fig.1). The materials show catalytic activity in both H2O2 decomposition and peroxidation of the pollutants when compared to the non-catalytic runs. The most significant difference was found when C-800-S was used, since low conversions of H2O2 and 4-NP was achieved. However, the acidification of the sample resulted favourable in the oxidation of S-IV, leading to the highest conversion of this pollutant.This work is a result of projects: VALORCOMP, funded by FEDER through Programme INTERREG V A Spain - Portugal (POCTEP) 2014–2020; “AIProcMat@ N2020 - Advanced Industrial Processes and Materials for a Sustainable Northern Region of Portugal 2020”, with the reference NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000006, supported by NORTE 2020, under the Portugal 2020 Partnership Agreement, through FEDER; and POCI-01-0145- FEDER-006984 – Associate Laboratory LSRE-LCM funded by FEDER through COMPETE2020 - POCI – and by national funds through FCT.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Development of low-cost materials from compost obtained in mechanical biological treatment plants for municipal solid waste: application as catalysts in H2O2 decomposition

The organic waste, after separation from rejected and recyclable waste, is treated by anaerobic digestion and composting, in order to obtain biogas and a compost that can be used in agriculture. However, the current waste management legislation in Europe and expected developments regarding the coming directives on the application of the “End-of-waste” criteria, are leading to barriers on the use of fertilizers resulting from waste [1]. Within this context, the current work proposes an alternative strategy to the valorisation of compost, through the production of highvalue materials to be used in catalytic processes. To this aim, a compost obtained from a mechanical biological treatment plant for municipal solid waste was considered. The material was first washed (1 litter of water per 100 g of compost), in order to remove the soluble compounds and suspend solids. Then, two different materials were prepared by carbonization at 400 (C-400) and 800 ºC (C-800). In addition, following the procedure previously described [2], two materials were prepared with H2SO4 before and after the carbonization at 800 ºC (C-S-800 and C-800-S, respectively). Finally, the materials were sieved, in order to obtain samples in three different particle size ranges: 0-106 μm (LSp), 106-250 μm (MSp) and higher than 250 μm (HSp). All materials were assessed in H2O2 decomposition (Fig.1). As can be observed, conversions of H2O2 higher than 80 % at 24 h are obtained with the most of samples (much higher than the conversion obtained without material, ca. 30 %). In addition, the increase of the carbonization temperature results in materials with a catalytic activity greatly increased. On the opposite, the modification with H2SO4 shows a negative effect, likely due to an increase of acidity [3].This work is a result of project VALORCOMP, funded by FEDER through Programme INTERREG V A Spain - Portugal (POCTEP) 2014–2020 and “AIProcMat@N2020 - Advanced Industrial Processes and Materials for a Sustainable Northern Region of Portugal 2020”, with the reference NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000006, supported by NORTE 2020, under the Portugal 2020 Partnership Agreement, through FEDER and of Project POCI-01-0145-FEDER-006984 – Associate Laboratory LSRE-LCM funded by FEDER through COMPETE2020 - POCI – and by national funds through FCT. A.M.T. Silva acknowledges the FCT Investigator Programme (IF/01501/2013), with financing from the European Social Fund and the Human Potential Operational Programmeinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Kinetic insights on wet peroxide oxidation of caffeine using EDTA-functionalized low-cost catalysts prepared from compost generated in municipal solid waste treatment facilities

Nowadays, sorted organic fraction of municipal solid waste is typically treated by anaerobic digestion processes, resulting therein a solid stream, further processed to obtain compost, whose production is higher than the existing demand as fertilizer. The current work proposes an alternative strategy for the recovering of compost through the production of low-cost catalysts by calcination (1073 K) and sulfuric acid treatments, followed by sequential functionalization with tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA). Activity and stability of the catalysts are assessed in the wet peroxide oxidation of synthetic wastewater effluents contaminated with caffeine, a model micro-pollutant, achieving its complete removal after 6 h at 353– 383 K and catalyst loads of 0.5–2.5 g L−1. The increase of the catalytic activity of the materials upon functionalization with TEOS and EDTA is demonstrated and a kinetic modeling of caffeine degradation and hydrogen peroxide consumption with the best catalyst is assessed by pseudo-first power-law rate equations.This work was financially supported by project ‘‘VALORCOMP - Valorización de compost y otros desechos procedentes de la fracción orgánica de los residuos municipales’’, 0119_VALORCOMP_2_P, through FEDER under Program INTERREG; and CIMO (UIDB/00690/2020) through FEDER under Program PT2020.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Identificação de biótipos B, Q e nativo brasileiro do complexo da espécie Bemisia tabaci por meio de marcadores Scar

O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver marcadores "sequence-characterized amplified region" (Scar) para identificar os biótipos B, Q e nativo brasileiro da mosca-branca [Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)]. Produtos de amplificação de DNA polimórfico amplificado ao acaso (RAPD), exclusivos aos biótipos B e nativo brasileiro, foram selecionados após análise de 12.000 amostras, para desenhar um conjunto de iniciadores específicos de Scar. Os marcadores Scar BT-B1 e BT-B3, usados para detectar o biótipo B, produziram fragmentos de PCR de 850 e 582 pb, respectivamente. O marcador Scar BT-BR1, utilizado para identificar o biótipo brasileiro, produziu um fragmento de PCR de 700 pb. Os marcadores Scar foram testados contra o biótipo Q, e um fluxograma foi proposto para indicar os passos para tomada de decisão sobre quando usar esses iniciadores, para discriminar corretamente os biótipos. Este procedimento permitiu identificar os biótipos que ocorrem em amostras de campo, como o biótipo B. O conjunto de iniciadores utilizados permitiu discriminar os biótipos B, Q e nativo brasileiro de B. tabaci. Esses iniciadores podem ser utilizados com sucesso para identificar o biótipo B de B. tabaci em amostras de campo, e mostram apenas um biótipo específico presente em todas as culturas.The objective of this work was to develop sequence-characterized amplified region (Scar) markers to identify the B, Q, and native Brazilian biotypes of the sweet potato whitefly [Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)]. Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) amplification products, exclusive to the B and Brazilian biotypes, were selected after the analysis of 12,000 samples, in order to design a specific Scar primer set. The BT-B1 and BT-B3 Scar markers, used to detect the B biotype, produced PCR fragments of 850 and 582 bp, respectively. The BT-BR1 Scar marker, used to identify the Brazilian biotype, produced a PCR fragment of 700 bp. The Scar markers were tested against the Q biotype, and a flowchart was proposed to indicate the decision steps to use these primers, in order to correctly discriminate the biotypes. This procedure allowed to identify the biotypes that occur in field samples, such as the B biotype. The used set of primers allowed to discriminate the B, Q, and native Brazilian biotypes of B. tabaci. These primers can be successfully used to identify the B biotype of B. tabaci from field samples, showing only one specific biotype present in all cultures