An analysis according to game principles

Background: In the last few decades, Nonlinear Pedagogy (NLP) has emerged with the goal to promote a holistic approach through the use of Small-Sided Games (SSG), to optimize specific tactical defensive and offensive behaviours of players. These SSG are designed through the manipulation of relevant task constraints. Specifically, the balance on the number of outfield players is a constraint that has been recently studied because it can change players’ behaviour. However, most of the studies in this domain have only analysed the acute effects of the manipulation of different SSG without any idea about the implications for learning or to improve the transfer between practice tasks to the context of performance. Purpose: The main purpose of this study was to understand the effect of the use of a task of numerical superiority in attack (5 vs 4; NS) before a task of equal number of player in comparison with the use of only two numerical equality (5 vs 5; NE) tasks. A second objective was to examine this effect according to the game principles: keep the ball possession and progress to the goal. Method: Twenty footballers (U14 yrs), grouped in teams of five players, participated in this study. Each team performed two different sequences of SSG (NS + NE and NE + NE) and in two different conditions regarding the game principle. 2176 actions were analysed. Decisionmaking was measured through the GPET instrument. Also, it was assessed the duration of ball possession and the number of ball touches through a hand notation analysis system. Results: Results show a tendency to decrease the offensive performance in the sequence (NS + NE). However, if we compare both initial situations, significant higher values were observed in the situation with NS. In addition, regarding the two final situations, there are hardly any differences between them. Conclusion: This study highlighted some key pedagogical principles of the constraints-led approach for designing training environment in team games. Coaches in formative stages should promote unequal game situations with superiority number of players in attack, to facilitate the decision-making and develop the technical skills thanks to a greater participation and a greater duration of ball possession. As learning progresses, coaches should design equal situations to facilitate an adaptation to the real game and promote long-term adaptations on players’ performance. Finally, the game principle is another constraint to take into account since it promotes variability and boosts the discovery and exploration of players’ movement solutions.This study has been carried out thanks to the contribution of the Junta de Extremadura through the European Regional Development Fund. A way to make Europe [GR18129].info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The effects of a nonlinear pedagogy training program in the technical-tactical behaviour of youth futsal players

The aim of this study was to analyse the effect of an intervention program, based on nonlinear pedagogy, on the decisionmaking and execution of different actions in futsal. The intervention program consisted of 12 training sessions. A quasiexperimental study was developed with eight male futsal players (M¼15.375, SD¼0.517). The GPET instrument was used to analyse the decision-making and execution of 3442 actions measured during competitive matches (pass, dribbling and shooting). Both variables were analysed with regard to the three tactical principles of attack: keep the ball possession, progression towards the goal and shooting at goal with the lowest level of opposition. With respect to the pass, results showed significantly higher values in decision-making and execution in the first and second principles, but not in the third one. In the dribbling action, results showed significantly higher values in decision-making in the second and third principle, but not in the first one. However, no significant differences were found in the shooting actions. These findings suggest that coaches should take into account in the task design, the tactical principles of play to develop tactical behaviour of youth futsal players.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Preliminary Study of the Effects of a Comprehensive Teaching Program, Based on Questioning, to Improve Tactical Actions in Young Footballers

The aim of this study was to analyze the effect of a comprehensive teaching program, based on questioning on decision making, and execution in football. The intervention program, based on teaching games for understanding model and including the application of questioning in a context of modified games, was applied during 21 training sessions. A quasi-experimental study with a prepost design with 18 male football players (M¿=¿10.7 years, SD¿=¿0.6) was developed over 18 weeks. Participants were divided into experimental group (n¿=¿9) and control group (n¿=¿9). A total of 1532 actions were observed (1120 passes and 412 dribbling). Results showed that after applying the intervention program, the players in the experimental group showed better decision making in the pass and dribbling actions, and better execution in the pass action, compared with the players from the control group. These results suggest that the application of questioning in a context of modified games must be taken into account to promote tactical training in young footballers and to improve their tactical behavior

Impact of a hybrid TGfU-sport education unit on student motivation in physical education

Los modelos pedagógicos de los Juegos de enseñanza para la comprensión (TGfU) y la Educación deportiva (SE) comparten varios objetivos y procesos pedagógicos. A pesar de esta relación aparentemente extraña, pocos estudios han examinado la eficacia de un modelo pedagógico híbrido TGfU / SE, en particular cómo la utilización de dicho modelo por parte de un profesor tiene un impacto en la motivación de los estudiantes. El propósito del presente estudio fue investigar el efecto de una unidad híbrida TGfU / SE, en comparación con la instrucción directa, sobre las percepciones de los estudiantes sobre diversos aspectos de su motivación para participar en educación física (motivación autónoma, necesidades psicológicas básicas, disfrute e intención). estar físicamente activo). Se utilizó un diseño cruzado, utilizando la técnica de contrabalanceo. Un grupo experimentó primero una unidad híbrida SE / TGfU, seguida de una unidad de instrucción directa. Un segundo grupo experimentó las unidades en el orden opuesto. Los participantes fueron 55 estudiantes. La intervención se realizó sobre un total de 16 lecciones. La unidad híbrida se diseñó de acuerdo con las características de la SE mediante el uso de temporadas, roles, equipos persistentes, etc. Sin embargo, las tareas de aprendizaje establecidas por el profesor durante las lecciones individuales se diseñaron de acuerdo con los principios pedagógicos de TGfU. Los datos de motivación de los estudiantes se generaron mediante cuestionarios validados. Los resultados mostraron que, independientemente del orden de intervención, los dos grupos mostraron mejoras significativas en la autonomía, la competencia y el disfrute cuando se les enseñó utilizando el modelo híbrido. En cambio, en las variables motivación autónoma, relación e intención de ser físicamente activos no hubo mejoras significativas en un grupo. Estos resultados demuestran que es posible diseñar situaciones de aprendizaje variadas en las que se fomenta la afiliación, el liderazgo y la confianza, mientras que las tareas se adaptan a las características de los estudiantes. Todo esto puede causar una mayor motivación autónoma y, en consecuencia, una competencia percibida en el estudiante, una imagen positiva del deporte para practicar y, por lo tanto, un mayor disfrute y estar físicamente activos.The Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU) and Sport Education (SE) pedagogical models share several objectives and pedagogical processes. Despite this seemingly uncanny relationship, few studies have examined the efficacy of a hybrid TGfU/SE pedagogical model, particularly how a teacher's utilization of such a model impacts on student motivation. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect a hybrid TGfU/SE unit, in comparison to direct instruction, on students' perceptions of various aspects of their motivation to engage in physical education (autonomous motivation, basic psychological needs, enjoyment and intention to be physically active). A crossover design was utilized, using the technique of counterbalancing. One group experienced a hybrid SE/TGfU unit first, followed by a unit of direct instruction. A second group experienced the units in the opposite order. Participants were 55 students. The intervention was conducted over a total of 16 lessons. The hybrid unit was designed according to the characteristics of SE by using seasons, roles, persistent teams, etc. Learning tasks set by the teacher during individual lessons, however, were designed according to the pedagogical principles of TGfU. Student motivation data was generated using validated questionnaires. Results showed that regardless of the order of intervention, the two groups showed significant improvements in autonomy, competence and enjoyment when they were taught using the hybrid model. Instead, in the variables autonomous motivation, relatedness and intention to be physically active there were no significant improvements in one group. These results demonstrate that it is possible to design varied learning situations in which affiliation, leadership and trust are fostered, while tasks are adapted to the characteristics of the students. All this can cause greater autonomous motivation, and consequently, perceived competence in the student, a positive image of the sport to practice, and therefore greater enjoyment and to be physically active.peerReviewe

Motivation and physical activity: Differences between high school and university students in Spain

Grounded in self-determination theory, this study aimed first to examine differences in motivation for physical activity (PA) and habitual PA levels between adolescents and university students in Spain. The second aim was to examine differences in the degree of association between their intrinsic motivation and amotivation for PA and habitual PA levels in both samples. We studied 2,699 students (1,833 high school and 866 university; mean age = 18.83, standard deviation = 4.12 years) who completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short Form and two dimensions of the Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire. High school students, relative to university students, self-reported significantly higher intrinsic motivation and higher PA levels for each type of PA intensity (i.e., walk, moderate, and vigorous); high school students also self-reported significantly lower amotivation than university students. The degree of association between the total metabolic equivalents of task and intrinsic motivation was higher among high school (versus) university students. This study shows the need to design intervention strategies to enhance PA levels and intrinsic motivation in university students

Levels of physical activity in university students: differences by gender, age and states of change

El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer los niveles de actividad física moderada-vigorosa (AFMV) en estudiantes universitarios. Asimismo, se analizaron los niveles de AF en función del género, edad y los estados de cambio del Modelo Transteórico. 901 estudiantes, 408 hombres y 493 mujeres, cumplimentaron el IPAQ-SF y una pregunta que evaluaba los estados de cambio. Entre los resultados obtenidos, se destaca que el 51.39% de los estudiantes no alcanzan los 30 minutos diarios de práctica de AFMV recomendados por los organismos internacionales, siendo el grado de cumplimiento superior en los hombres. En relación a los estados de cambio, en cuanto a los niveles de AFMV se refiere, se aprecian valores significativamente superiores en los estados de acción y mantenimiento respecto al resto de estados de cambio. Todo ello sugiere pautas de intervención para el desarrollo de programas de intervención que incidan en la promoción de AF en la etapa universitaria.The objective was to analyze the levels of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in university students. Likewise, it was analyzed PA levels by gender, age and state of change of the Transtheoretical Model. 901 students, 408 men and 493 women, completed the IPAQ-SF and a question to evaluate the stages of change. Among the results, it highlights that 51.39% of students do not achieve the international recommendations of 30 minutes of MVPA practice per day, with a higher compliance in men. Regarding the states of change, in terms of levels of MVPA is concerned, significantly higher values were seen in the action stage and maintenance stage, compared to other stages of change. This suggests intervention guidelines for the development of intervention programs that affect the promotion of PA in the university stage.peerReviewe

O QUESTIONAMENTO COMO FERRAMENTA FUNDAMENTAL PARA O DESENVOLVIMENTO DA TOMADA DE DECISÃO DE ESTUDANTES EM EDUCAÇÃO FÍSICA.

The main purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of a comprehensive questioning-based teaching program about decision-making on passing and throwing abilities in a Primary Education teaching unit focused on basketball. Thirty-seven students aged 11-12 participated in the study. The independent variable was the intervention program based on the Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU). The decision-making variable was assessed by systematic observation. The results obtained showed that, after the intervention, the students who received the questioning when developing training activities improved their decision-making compared to those who did not. These results show the need to include this pedagogical model in teaching programs at the higher levels of Primary Education. El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar el efecto de un programa de enseñanza comprensiva, basado en el cuestionamiento, sobre la toma de decisiones en las habilidades del pase y del lanzamiento, en una unidad didáctica de baloncesto en Educación Primaria. Participaron 37 alumnos de 6º de Primaria con edades comprendidas entre los 11 y 12 años. La variable independiente fue el programa de intervención, basado en el modelo Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU). La variable de toma de decisiones fue evaluada a través de la observación sistemática. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que, tras la intervención, los alumnos que recibieron el cuestionamiento durante el desarrollo de las actividades formativas mejoraron su toma de decisiones en comparación con los alumnos que no lo recibieron. Estos resultados manifiestan la necesidad de incluir este modelo pedagógico en las programaciones docentes en los niveles superiores de la etapa de Primaria. O principal objetivo do estudo foi analisar o efeito de um programa de ensino centrado na compreensão, baseado no questionamento, na tomada de decisões nas ações de passe e do lançamento, numa unidade didática de basquetebol no ensino fundamental. Participaram 37 alunos com idades compreendidas entre 11 e 12 anos. A variável independente foi o programa de intervenção baseado no modelo Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU). A variável dependente de tomada de decisão foi avaliada através da observação sistemática. Os resultados mostraram que, após a intervenção, os alunos que receberam o questionamento durante o desenvolvimento das atividades de treino melhoraram sua tomada de decisão em relação aos alunos que não o receberam. Esses resultados mostram a necessidade de incluir esse modelo pedagógico nos programas de ensino nos níveis superiores do ensino fundamental.

Aplicación de un programa de intervención para mejorar la comprensión táctica en fútbol sala: un estudio en contexto educativo

El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar el efecto de un programa de Enseñanza Comprensiva sobre la toma de decisiones y ejecución del pase y de la conducción en el fútbol sala en un contexto educativo. Participaron 21 alumnos con edades comprendidas entre los 12 y los 14 años. Las variables independientes fueron el programa de intervención basado en el modelo Teaching Games for Understanding (TGFU) y la experiencia en fútbol sala federado. Las variables de toma de decisiones y ejecución fueron evaluadas a través del instrumento de observación Game Performance Evaluation Tool (GPET). Los resultados mostraron una mejoría significativa en la toma de decisión del pase en el grupo sin experiencia tras la aplicación del programa. Sin embargo, en el grupo con experiencia no fueron encontradas diferencias en ninguna de las variables. Los resultados destacan la necesidad de establecer adaptaciones e individualizar las tareas de aprendizaje en el contexto educativo, en función del nivel de habilidad de los alumnos. The purpose of the study was to analyse the effects of a Comprehensive Teaching Programme on decision-making and execution, pass and dribbling actions in indoor football within an educational context. Participants were 21 students aged 12-14. Independent variables were the intervention program based on the “Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU)” model and the experience in federated indoor football. Decisionmaking and execution variables were assessed through the observation instrument “Game Performance Evaluation Tool (GPET)”. The results show significant improvement in decision making for pass after the application of the program to the unexperienced group; however, those differences were not found in the experienced group. The results point out the need to adjust and individualize learning tasks in the educational context, depending on students’ skill level

The effects of a comprehensive teaching program on dribbling and passing decision-making and execution skills of young footballers

The importance of decision-making on what to do and skill execution within sport expertise has been emphasized in many research studies. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of a 22-session comprehensive teaching program on tactical behavior in agreement with different actions (passing and dribbling) in young footballers. This program was based on the Teaching Games for Understanding (TGfU) model (Bunker & Thorpe, 1982). A quasi-experimental design intervention was developed with nine footballers (U-12) over a 15-week period, which was divided into two phases: pre-intervention (comprised of six sessions and measured during three matches) and intervention (comprised of 22 sessions and measured during 12 matches). Two measures were carried out during the latter phase: an intermediate measure during the First 11 sessions, and a final measure, during the remaining 11 sessions. A total of 2 432 actions were observed (1 793 passes and 639 dribbling actions). Results showed a significant improvement in decision-making and skill execution capabilities after the 22 sessions but not after the first 11 sessions. In addition, differences were found between the two game actions, given that a significant improvement was encountered in both variables of the pass action, but only in the execution variable of the dribbling action. These findings highlight the need to know which type of action is going to be trained (more tactical or technical) in order to adapt the training session methodology. It also seems that, for the teaching program to be effective, it should be applied over a longer timeline of at least 22 sessions

Levels of physical activity in university students: differences by gender, age and states of change

El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer los niveles de actividad física moderada-vigorosa (AFMV) en estudiantes universitarios. Asimismo, se analizaron los niveles de AF en función del género, edad y los estados de cambio del Modelo Transteórico. 901 estudiantes, 408 hombres y 493 mujeres, cumplimentaron el IPAQ-SF y una pregunta que evaluaba los estados de cambio. Entre los resultados obtenidos, se destaca que el 51.39% de los estudiantes no alcanzan los 30 minutos diarios de práctica de AFMV recomendados por los organismos internacionales, siendo el grado de cumplimiento superior en los hombres. En relación a los estados de cambio, en cuanto a los niveles de AFMV se refiere, se aprecian valores significativamente superiores en los estados de acción y mantenimiento respecto al resto de estados de cambio. Todo ello sugiere pautas de intervención para el desarrollo de programas de intervención que incidan en la promoción de AF en la etapa universitaria.The objective was to analyze the levels of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in university students. Likewise, it was analyzed PA levels by gender, age and state of change of the Transtheoretical Model. 901 students, 408 men and 493 women, completed the IPAQ-SF and a question to evaluate the stages of change. Among the results, it highlights that 51.39% of students do not achieve the international recommendations of 30 minutes of MVPA practice per day, with a higher compliance in men. Regarding the states of change, in terms of levels of MVPA is concerned, significantly higher values were seen in the action stage and maintenance stage, compared to other stages of change. This suggests intervention guidelines for the development of intervention programs that affect the promotion of PA in the university stage.peerReviewe