Editorial: Multi-omics revolution in microbial cultural heritage conservation.

In recent decades the conservation of cultural heritage has been attracting increasing research interest from many different scientific disciplines. Lately, the co-integration of chemistry and physics with biological techniques has shaped our understanding of the living microbial communities on sites of cultural heritag

Fungal and Bacterial Biodeterioration of Outdoor Canvas Paintings: The Case of the Cloisters of Quito, Ecuador

The historic center of Quito, Ecuador, was one of the first World Cultural Heritage Sites declared by UNE-ISCO in 1978. here are numerous religious buildings built during the Spanish colonial period reflecting the cultural her- itage in this area. Between them, the cloisters of San Francisco, Santo Domingo, and Santa Clara should be highlighted. The specific problems of conservation of the outdoor canvas paintings are not well known at the moment. The objective of this paper is to achieve a conservation study of the canvas paintings exhibited in these three cloisters of the historic center of Quito in order to identify the microbial agents and the main bioclimatic parameters of deterioration. For this, a study of the state of conservation of five canvas paintings has been carried out, as well as a sampling and identification of the main microorganisms present on the obverse and reverse of the works, employing diverse techniques, traditional and biomolecular ones. An analysis of climatic conditions has also been achieved in the cloister of San Francisco. The results of the study indicate that the exhibition conditions in the cloisters are really problematic for the conservation of paintings. Important biodeteriorating agents have been isolated, including fungi and bacteria species belonging, among others, to the genera Bacillus, Penicillium, Alternaria, Mucor, and Aspergillus. We have also researched its relationship with the deterioration state of the artworks and the exhibi ion conditions in each case, proposing guidelines for the proper conservation of this important World Cultural Heritage

Estudio y análisis de los procesos de alteración por agentes microbiológicos en obras pictóricas sobre lienzo expuestas en claustros de conventos y monasterios del centro histórico de Quito, Ecuador

El centro histórico de la ciudad de Quito (Ecuador) fue declarado Patrimonio Cultural de la Humanidad en el año 1978. En lugares de culto como los claustros de los conventos y monasterios se encuentran expuestas obras pictóricas en ambientes donde la acción microbiológica puede desarrollar episodios de alteración en los materiales artísticos. Las obras analizadas en este trabajo de investigación pertenecen a los conjuntos monumentales de los conventos de San Francisco, Santo Domingo y Santa Clara. Para su estudio, se han analizado los agentes microbiológicos presentes mediante técnicas tradicionales de identificación microbiológica. Estos microorganismos permitieron la realización de estudios experimentales con materiales artísticos de referencia en donde fueron inoculados. Con los resultados obtenidos podremos seguir recabando interesantes datos en nuestras investigaciones encaminadas a establecer protocolos para el control del comportamiento de los materiales artísticos ante la acción microbiológica y el establecimiento de propuestas de conservación preventiva para su posterior aplicación al patrimonio quiteño.The historic center of Quito, Ecuador, was declared a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1978. In worship places, such as cloisters of convents and monasteries, you can find artwork that is exposed in environments where the microbiological action could develop alteration processes in the artistic materials. The pieces of art of the study belong to the Convents and Monasteries of San Francisco, Santo Domingo and Santa Clara. For this research, we achieved an environmental monitoring and we studied the microbiological agents that appear in the artwork by traditional techniques of microbial identification. In order to analyze the preventive conservation treatments, we carried out experimental studies with artistic materials of reference. These results could improve the setup of protocols for the control of materials against the microbiological action, as well as the arrangement of preventive conservation proposals, in order to be employed in the cultural heritage of Quito

Estudio del biodeterioro e identificación de microorganismos de cinco obras pictóricas sobre lienzo pertenecientes al conjunto histórico artístico de la Abadía Benedictina de San Martino della Scala de Palermo, Italia

El estudio del biodeterioro en los procesos de restauración de pintura sobre lienzo es una de las disciplinas menos estudiadas debido a la complejidad del protocolo analítico que requiere. Este proceso de carácter multidisciplinar se extiende desde el estudio histórico-artístico y material de las obras, las condiciones bioclimáticas en que se exponen y un proceso científico de identificación de microorganismos que puede emplear distintas técnicas tales como la siembra en cultivos microbiológicos, la microscopía óptica y la microscopía electrónica de alta resolución. Un adecuado estudio e identificación de los mismos profundizará en el análisis y evaluación de los distintos procesos de biodeterioro de las obras así como un adecuado control preventivo del microclima. El caso que aquí estudiamos se dedica a la identificación de microorganismos encontrados en la superficie pictórica de una serie de cinco obras de gran formato pertenecientes al patrimonio mueble de la Abadía Benedictina de San Martino delle Scale de Palermo, Italia

Adherence to a Mediterranean diet and sport performance in a elite female athletes futsal population

Low energy intake may lead to the loss of muscle mass, menstrual dysfunction, increased risk of fatigue, injures and the need for prolonged recovery process.1) To analyse the adherence to the Mediterranean diet of a elite female athletes futsal population, 2) To analyse the relationship between the Dietary Mediterranean index, body composition and sport performance, and 3) To analyse if the differences in the index of adherence to the Mediterranean diet generates test differences in sports performance and body composition.The adherence to a Mediterranean Diet, body composition test, isokinetic test, vertical jump test (CMJ and SJ), kicking ball, speed test and test Repeated Sprint Ability (RSA) was measured.we found that 7 out of 12 players (58.33%) showed a low index and 5 of the 12 players (41.67%) showed a means index. We found that 7 out of 12 players (58.33%) showed a low index and 5 of the 12 players (41.67%) below the optimum index. Moreover, this adhesion index did not correlate with the values of the body composition or athletic performance test. No significant differences between the players that scored below the optimal index with those with a low level of adhesion were observed. However, mass fat (%) correlated to the ability to repeat sprint.Low levels of adherence to the Mediterranean diet was observed in futsal players, the values shown in the KIDMED questionnaire did not correlate with the performance of the players nor body composition.Actividad Física y Deport

El debate como metodología de aprendizaje y de mejora en la interacción con los estudiantes

La Universidad del siglo XXI debe fomentar el aprendizaje centrado en el alumno, quedando obsoleta la utilización de la lección magistral para ello. En este sentido la declaración de Bucarest (2012), así como los Ministros de Educación de los países implicados en la configuración del Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior (EEES) reconocen la necesidad de utilizar nuevos métodos de enseñanza innovadores. Cabe mencionar que el EEES ha permitido impulsar el desarrollo de las competencias cívico-sociales de los estudiantes, siendo el profesorado universitario el que debe hacerse responsable del mismo

Metodologías de estudio del Biodeterioro utilizadas para la investigación mediante electróquímica

Metodologías para el estudio de biodeterioro en obras de arte pictóricas y objetos arqueológicos mediante la emulación de procesos reales es lo que queremos mostrar en este trabajo. Este estudio experimental se basa en la inoculación e incubación de microorganismos procedentes de cepas de colección y obras reales en diversos sustratos propios de las obras pictóricas (barnices naturales y sintéticos, pigmentos y aglutinantes) sobre soporte lígneo, madera y vidrio. Los procesos de alteración producidos son analizados con técnicas de microscopia óptica con luz visible y luz ultravioleta (MO), microscopía electrónica de barrido/análisis elemental por energía dispersiva de rayos X (SEM/EDX), microscopia electrónica de barrido de presión variable (VP-SEM/EDX), microscopía electrónica por emisión de campo (FE-SEM), cromatografía de gases-espectrometría de masas (GC-MS), espectroscopía de infrarrojos y micro-Raman (MRS) y como rasgo innovador su aplicación en el campo de la nanaoelectroquómica con las técnicas de microscopia electroquímica de barrido (SECM) y voltamperometría de micropartículas (VPM) y mediante técnicas de Biología Molecular, que han permitido complementar resultados obtenidos previamente con las técnicas convencionales, aportando datos novedosos sobre los procesos de biodeterioro en obras de arte pictóricas y arqueológica, tanto metálicas como pétreas

Incidence, Clinical Characteristics and Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Spain : Large-Scale Epidemiological Study

(1) Aims: To assess the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in Spain, to describe the main epidemiological and clinical characteristics at diagnosis and the evolution of the disease, and to explore the use of drug treatments. (2) Methods: Prospective, population-based nationwide registry. Adult patients diagnosed with IBD-Crohn's disease (CD), ulcerative colitis (UC) or IBD unclassified (IBD-U)-during 2017 in Spain were included and were followed-up for 1 year. (3) Results: We identified 3611 incident cases of IBD diagnosed during 2017 in 108 hospitals covering over 22 million inhabitants. The overall incidence (cases/100,000 person-years) was 16 for IBD, 7.5 for CD, 8 for UC, and 0.5 for IBD-U; 53% of patients were male and median age was 43 years (interquartile range = 31-56 years). During a median 12-month follow-up, 34% of patients were treated with systemic steroids, 25% with immunomodulators, 15% with biologics and 5.6% underwent surgery. The percentage of patients under these treatments was significantly higher in CD than UC and IBD-U. Use of systemic steroids and biologics was significantly higher in hospitals with high resources. In total, 28% of patients were hospitalized (35% CD and 22% UC patients, p < 0.01). (4) Conclusion: The incidence of IBD in Spain is rather high and similar to that reported in Northern Europe. IBD patients require substantial therapeutic resources, which are greater in CD and in hospitals with high resources, and much higher than previously reported. One third of patients are hospitalized in the first year after diagnosis and a relevant proportion undergo surgery

Correction : Chaparro et al. Incidence, Clinical Characteristics and Management of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Spain: Large-Scale Epidemiological Study. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10, 2885

The authors wish to make the following corrections to this paper [...]

Procesos de biodeterioro en pinturas sobre lienzo del Museo de Bellas Artes de Granada: examen visual y gráfico

Tesis Univ. Granada. Departamento de Pintura. Leída el 27 de julio de 200