Use of remote sensing in agriculture

The remote sensing studies of (a) cultivated peanut areas in Southeastern Virginia; (b) studies at the Virginia Truck and Ornamentals Research Station near Painter, Virginia, the Eastern Virginia Research Station near Warsaw, Virginia, the Tidewater Research and Continuing Education Center near Suffolk, Virginia, and the Southern Piedmont Research and Continuing Education Center Blackstone, Virginia; and (c) land use classification studies at Virginia Beach, Virginia are presented. The practical feasibility of using false color infrared imagery to detect and determine the areal extent of peanut disease infestation of Cylindrocladium black rot and Sclerotinia blight is demonstrated. These diseases pose a severe hazard to this major agricultural food commodity. The value of remote sensing technology in terrain analyses and land use classification of diverse land areas is also investigated. Continued refinement of spectral signatures of major agronomic crops and documentation of pertinent environmental variables have provided a data base for the generation of an agricultural-environmental prediction model

Gravitational wave asteroseismology with fast rotating neutron stars

We investigate damping and growth times of the f-mode for rapidly rotating stars and a variety of different polytropic equations of state in the Cowling approximation. We discuss the differences in the eigenfunctions of co- and counterrotating modes and compute the damping times of the f-mode for several EoS and all rotation rates up to the Kepler-limit. This is the first study of the damping/growth time of this type of oscillations for fast rotating neutron stars in a general relativistic framework. We use these frequencies and damping/growth times to create robust empirical formulae which can be used for gravitational wave asteroseismology. The estimation of the damping/growth time is based on the quadrupole formula and our results agree very well with Newtonian ones in the appropriate limit.Comment: 15 pages, 8 figures, version accepted for publication in PhysRev

Lesson on How to Mouth Negro

Date unknownhttps://egrove.olemiss.edu/citizens_clip/1018/thumbnail.jp

Mothers\u27 Adaptation to Caring for a New Baby

To date, most research on parents\u27 adjustment after adding a new baby to their family unit has focused on mothers\u27 initial transition to parenthood. This past research has examined changes in mothers\u27 marital satisfaction and perceived well-being across the transition, and has compared their prenatal expectations to their postnatal experiences. This project assessed first-time and experienced mothers\u27 stress and satisfaction associated with parenting, their adjustment to competing demands, and their perceived well-being longitudinally before and after the birth of a baby. Additionally, how maternal and child-related variables influenced the trajectory of mothers\u27 postnatal adaptation was assessed. These variables included mothers\u27 age, their education level, their prenatal expectations and postnatal experiences concerning shared infant care, their satisfaction with the division of infant caregiving, and their perceptions of their infant\u27s temperament. Mothers (N = 136) completed an online survey during their third trimester and additional online surveys when their baby was approximately 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks old.;First-time mothers prenatally expected a more equal division of infant caregiving between themselves and their partners than did experienced mothers. Both first-time and experienced mothers reported less assistance from their partners than they had prenatally expected. Additionally, they experienced almost twice as many violated expectations than met expectations. Growth curve modeling revealed that a cubic function of time best fit the trajectory of mothers\u27 postnatal parenting satisfaction. Mothers reported less parenting satisfaction at 4 weeks, compared to 2 and 6 weeks, and reported stability in their satisfaction between 6 and 8 weeks. A quadratic function of time best fit the trajectories of mothers\u27 postnatal parenting stress and adjustment to the demands of their baby. Mothers reported more stress and difficulty adjusting to their baby\u27s demands at 4 and 6 weeks, compared to 2 and 8 weeks. A linear function of time best fit the trajectories of mothers\u27 adjustment to home demands, generalized state anxiety, and depressive symptoms. Mothers reported less difficulty meeting home demands, less generalized anxiety, and fewer depressive symptoms across the postnatal period. Mothers\u27 violated expectations were associated with level differences in all aspects of mothers\u27 postnatal adaptation except their adjustment to home demands. Specifically, more violated expectations, in number or in magnitude, were associated with poorer postnatal adaptation. Mothers\u27 violated expectations were not associated with the slope of mothers\u27 postnatal adaptation trajectories. Exploratory models revealed that other maternal and child-related variables also impacted the level and slope of mothers\u27 postnatal adaptation.;Overall, first-time and experienced mothers were more similar than different in regards to their postnatal adaptation. This study suggests that prior findings concerning adults\u27 initial transition to parenthood may also apply to adults during each addition of a new baby into the family unit. Additionally, mothers who reported less of a mismatch between their expectations and experiences concerning shared infant care had fewer issues adapting the postnatal period. Thus, methods to increase the assistance mothers receive from their partner should be sought. Limitations of this study and suggestions for future research are also discussed

Utilización de buques comerciales para aumentar la información de campañas de evaluación: la distribucción de frecuencias de tallas

The trend towards use of commercial vessels to enhance survey data requires assessment of the advantages and limitations of various options for their use. One application is to augment information on size-frequency distributions obtained in multispecies trawl surveys where stratum boundaries and sampling density are not optimal for all species. Analysis focused on ten recreationally and commercially important species: bluefish, butterfish, Loligo squid, weakfish, summer flounder, winter flounder, silver hake (whiting), black sea bass, striped bass, and scup (porgy). The commercial vessel took 59 tows in the sampled domain south of Long Island, New York and the survey vessel 18. Black sea bass, Loligo squid, and summer flounder demonstrated an onshore-offshore gradient such that smaller fish were caught disproportionately inshore and larger fish offshore. Butterfish, silver hake, and weakfish were characterized by a southwest-northeast gradient such that larger fish were caught disproportionately northeast of the southwestern-most sector. All sizes of scup, striped bass, and bluefish were caught predominately inshore. Winter flounder were caught predominately offshore. The commercial vessel was characterized by an increased frequency of large catches for most species. Consequently, patchiness was assayed to be higher by the commercial vessel in nearly all cases. The size-frequency distribution obtained by the survey vessel for six of the ten species, bluefish, butterfish, Loligo squid, summer flounder, weakfish, and silver hake, could not be obtained by chance from the size-frequency distribution obtained by the commercial vessel. The difference in sample density did not significantly influence the size-frequency distribution. Of the six species characterized by significant differences in size-frequency distribution between boats, all but one was patchy at the population level and all had one or more size classes so characterized. Although the variance-to-mean ratio was typically higher for the commercial vessel, five of the six cases that were otherwise were among the species for which the size-frequency distribution differed between the two vessels. Thus, the origin of the significant differences observed between vessels would appear to lie in the spatial pattern of the species as it interacts with the tendency for one vessel to obtain large catches more frequently for some size classes. One consequence of differential distribution and catchability is that more large fish were present in the commercial vessel catches than in the survey vessel catches in cases where the two vessels obtained different size-frequency distributions. Application of commercial vessels to the evaluation of size frequency hinges on understanding how to interpret differences among boats, gear, and sampling design. Here we show that key ingredients to this understanding are the degree of nonlinearity in catchability across a range of size classes, the interaction of varying spatial arrangements among size classes and the sampling design, and the interaction of varying spatial arrangements with differential catchability.La tendencia hacia la utilización de buques comerciales para incrementar y optimizar los datos de campañas de evaluación requiere la valoración de las ventajas y limitaciones de las distintas opciones para su uso. Una aplicación consiste en aumentar la información referente a distribuciones de frecuencias de tallas obtenidas en campañas de evaluación de pesquerías de arrastre multiespecíficas, en las que los límites de los estratos y la densidad del muestreo no son óptimas para todas las especies. El presente análisis se centró en diez especies importantes, tanto desde el punto de vista recreacional como comercial: Pomatomus saltatrix, Peprilus triacanthus, Loligo pealei, Cynoscion regalis, Paralichthys dentatus, Pleuronectes americanus, Merluccius bilinearis, Centropristis striata, Morone saxatilis y Stenotomus chrysops. El buque comercial realizó 59 lances en la zona muestreada al sur de Long Island, Nueva York, y el buque de investigación, 18. C. striata, L. pealei y P. dentatus presentaron un gradiente desde la costa hacia mar abierto tal que los individuos de menor talla fueron capturados desproporcionadamente en aguas costeras y los ejemplares de mayor talla a mayor distancia de la costa. P. triacanthus, M. bilinearis y C. regalis se caracterizaron por un gradiente sudoeste-nordeste tal que los ejemplares de mayor talla se capturaron desproporcionadamente al nordeste del sector más sudoccidental. Todas las tallas de S. chrysops, M. saxatilis y P. saltatrix fueron capturadas predominantemente en aguas costeras. P. americanus se capturó predominantemente en aguas alejadas de la costa. El buque comercial se caracterizó por una mayor frecuencia de grandes capturas para la mayoría de especies. En consecuencia, la agregación en áreas de alta densidad se mostró superior en el buque comercial en casi todos los casos. La distribución de frecuencias de tallas obtenida por el buque de investigación para seis de las diez especies (P. saltatrix, P. triacanthus, L. pealei, P. dentatus, C. regalis y M. bilinearis no pudo ser obtenida por azar a partir de la distribución de frecuencias de tallas obtenida por el buque comercial. La diferencia en densidad del muestreo no influenció significativamente la distribución de frecuencias de tallas. De las seis especies caracterizadas por diferencias significativas en la distribución de frecuencias de tallas entre buques, todas menos una mostraron agregaciones en áreas de alta densidad a nivel poblacional y todas presentaron una o más clases de talla caracterizadas de esta manera. Aunque la relación varianza-media fue típicamente superior para el buque comercial, cinco de los seis casos en que no fue así se dieron entre las especies en las que la distribución de frecuencias de tallas fue distinta entre los dos buques. Así, el origen de las diferencias significativas observadas entre buques radicaría en la pauta espacial de las especies al interaccionar con la tendencia de un buque a obtener grandes capturas con más frecuencia para algunas tallas. Una consecuencia de la distribución diferencial y capturabilidad es que más individuos de gran tamaño estuvieron presentes en las capturas del buque comercial que en las capturas del buque de investigación en casos en los que los dos buques obtuvieron distintas distribuciones de frecuencias de tallas. La utilización de buques comerciales para la evaluación de frecuencias de tallas depende de la comprensión sobre cómo interpretar las diferencias entre buques, artes de muestreo y diseño de muestreo. Mostramos aquí que ingredientes clave para esta comprensión son el grado de no-linearidad en la capturabilidad a lo largo de un rango de clases de talla, la interacción de distribuciones espaciales distintas entre clases de talla y el diseño de muestreo, así como la interacción de distintas distribuciones espaciales con la capturabilidad diferencial.  

A model for death assemblage formation: Can sediment shelliness be explained?

A numerical model for carbonate (shell) accumulation in marine sediments is proposed. Sediment shelliness is controlled by carbonate addition, taphonomic loss, carbonate reorganizing processes, and sedimentation rate. Using representative rates of carbonate production, taphonomic loss, and sedimentary carbonate content, the model shows that insufficient carbonate is produced today in many environments to explain sedimentary carbonate content and that most produced carbonate must be preseIVed despite a generally high capacity for taphonomic loss. An anthropogenically-produced decrease in carbonate production over the last ∼100 yr may explain the former. Representative rates of burial and sedimentation, and a temporal and spatial offset between carbonate production and organic matter decomposition can permit most produced carbonate to be preserved in sediments where taphonomic capacity greatly exceeds the carbonate production rate. The requirement that most carbonate be preserved, despite the observation that most individuals are not, indicates that most adults are preserved and reinforces the finding that biomass is a valuable community attribute for paleoecologic analysis. The requirement that most carbonate be preserved indicates that taphonomic loss must be restricted to the nearsurface in most habitats rather than being distributed throughout the bioturbated zone. The distribution and concentration of carbonate in sediments are partially decoupled from preservational processes because many processes affecting carbonate distribution have little effect on preservation. The time scales of the two differ. Preservational processes usually occur on time scales too short to be recorded as variations in carbonate content with depth. Evidence of preservational processes probably resides solely in the taphonomic signature of shells, hence emphasizing the importance of taphofacies analysis