Current applications of the microbiome engineering and its future: A brief review

In the human body there are many microorganisms with a variable genetic content. These microorganisms play an important role in the metabolism, homeostasis, immune system and generally human health. Over the millions of years, different microorganisms adapted to each other, and different environmental communities formed on Earth. Microbial communities, known as microbiome, could exist in living or non-living environments, such as human body and plants, as well as in soil, oceans, and air. The main purpose of microbiome engineering is mostly human microbiome and is now used in the treatment of diseases such as Clostridium difficile infection, inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, etc. The research data in this thesis were collected from the main medical article sources including Web of science, Google scholar, PubMed and Scopus. Articles on microbiome which published during 2010-2019 were reviewed. The widespread impacts of the microbiome on the ecosystems and the increased attention to microbiome recognition are factors contributing to the creation of microbiome engineering science, and recent advances in genome sequencing and metagenomic science have made microbiome analysis apart from cultivation process. Microbiome engineering has advantages and disadvantages. So, according to the positive aspects and efforts to increase applications, this science could lead to advances in microbial engineering, and have positive effects on human health. Although microbiome engineering is a new field, there has been lots of progressions in recent years that can be an important strategy for improving human health by microbial manipulation leading to the changing of microbial population

Prevalence, antibiotic resistance and virulence of Enterococcus spp. isolated from traditional cheese types

BACKGROUND: Enterococci are naturally found in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of animals and humans, as well as animal-derived foods and vegetables. We here aimed to determine the prevalence, antibiotic resistance, and virulence determinants of E. faecium and E. faecalis in traditional cheese in the North-west of Iran.MATERIALS AND METHODS: Fifty specimens of popular traditional cheese from dairy stores of Urmia and Tabriz, Iran, were collected. Identification of the genus and species of enterococci was done using molecular and phenotypic techniques.RESULTS: Forty-eight (96 %) of 50 traditional cheese samples were harboring Enterococcus spp, including Enterococcus faecalis (n= 40; 83.33 %) and E. faecium (n= 8; 16.67 %). The prevalence of enterococci ranged from 1.1×105 to 9.7×104 CFU/g, and 1.1×103 to 9.8×103 CFU/g in Urmia and Tabriz samples, respectively. Rifampicin resistance (n= 38; 79.2 %) was the most common pattern observed in the susceptibility test, which was followed by quinupristin/dalfopristin (n= 33; 68.75 %). Among E. faecalis isolates, cpd (100 %), ace (92.5 %) and gelE (87.5 %), and among E. faecium isolates, gelE (100 %) and asa1 (75 %) were found to have the most common virulence genes.CONCLUSION: E. faecalis was the predominant species, displaying more virulence determinants. It also had high antibiotic resistance, as compared to E. faecium. The enterococci identified here commonly expressed virulence and antibiotic resistance determinants. So, it is required to improve the maintenance and production quality of traditional cheese to avoid enterococci contamination

Neonatal conjunctivitis caused by Trichomonas vaginalis, a systematic review

Amongst sexually transmitted infections in the world, Trichomonas vaginalis is of the most common. Most of the infections are asymptomatic. It can infect women more than men because of genital tracts condition. The mother’s birth canal and perineum are common sources of infants’ eye infection. Some studies noted the possibility of T. vaginalis transmission through the birth canal to infants. Such an event can lead to neonatal conjunctivitis. By following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) guidelines, a systematic review conducted to assess the possibility of neonatal conjunctivitis caused by T. vaginalis. Several factors can play a role in T. vaginalis transmission, such as low sanitary level, physical contact by contaminated biological fluids and infant’s opened eyes during the delivery. Through the review of different studies, it is inferred, although the probability of neonatal conjunctivitis caused by T. vaginalis is low, but it is possible. Finally, metronidazole is an approved drug for treatment of trichomoniasis and needs to consider in neonatal conjunctivitis caused by T. vaginalis

Role of Tsukamurella species in human infections: first literature review

Tsukamurella is an aerobic, Gram-positive and nonmotile bacterium. It was first isolated in 1941 from the mycetoma and ovaries of the bedbug. The primary strains were named Corynebacterium paurometabolum and Gordona aurantiaca and are different from the Collins et al., 1988 classification of the new Tsukamurella genus. Human infections with Tsukamurella species are rare because the species is a kind of saprophyte bacterium; however, most information regarding this species comes from case reports. Molecular markers for the identification Tsukamurella include sequencing of 16S rRNA, groEL, rpoB, secA1 and ssrA genes. Given the lack of information on the treatment of Tsukamurella infections, a combination of various antibiotic agents is recommended. Keywords: Isolation, molecular identification, taxonomy, Tsukamurell