Ionospheric Electron Density During Solar Eclipse of 20 July 1963

Ionospheric electron density during solar eclips

Response of Ionospheric Electron Density to a Change of Electron Temperature

Spatial and temporal models used to study response of ionospheric electron density to change of electron temperatur

Gravitational redshift of galaxies in clusters as predicted by general relativity

The theoretical framework of cosmology is mainly defined by gravity, of which general relativity is the current model. Recent tests of general relativity within the \Lambda Cold Dark Matter (CDM) model have found a concordance between predictions and the observations of the growth rate and clustering of the cosmic web. General relativity has not hitherto been tested on cosmological scales independent of the assumptions of the \Lambda CDM model. Here we report observation of the gravitational redshift of light coming from galaxies in clusters at the 99 per cent confidence level, based upon archival data. The measurement agrees with the predictions of general relativity and its modification created to explain cosmic acceleration without the need for dark energy (f(R) theory), but is inconsistent with alternative models designed to avoid the presence of dark matter.Comment: Published in Nature issued on 29 September 2011. This version includes the Letter published there as well as the Supplementary Information. 23 pages, 7 figure

Influences of oceanic ozone deposition on tropospheric photochemistry

The deposition of ozone to seawater is an important ozone sink. Despite constituting as much as a third of the total ozone deposition, it receives significantly less attention than the deposition to terrestrial ecosystems. Models have typically calculated the deposition rate based on a resistance-in-series model with a uniform waterside resistance. This leads to models having an essentially uniform deposition velocity of approximately 0.05 cm s-1 to seawater, which is significantly higher than the limited observational dataset. Following from Luhar et al. (2018) we include a representation of the oceanic deposition of ozone in the GEOS-Chem model of atmospheric chemistry and transport based on its reaction with sea-surface iodide. The updated scheme halves the calculated annual area-weighted mean deposition velocity to water from 0.0464 cm s-1 (25th and 75th percentiles of 0.0461 cm s-1 and 0.0471 cm s-1 respectively) to 0.0231 cm s-1 (25th and 75th percentiles of 0.0121 cm s-1 and 0.0303 cm s-1 respectively). The calculated ozone deposition velocity varies from 0.009 cm s-1 in polar waters to 0.040 cm s-1 at the tropics. This improves comparisons to observations. The variability is driven mainly by the temperature-dependent rate constant for the reaction between iodide and ozone, the temperature dependence of the solubility, and variations in the ocean iodide concentration. The calculated annual deposition flux of ozone to the ocean is reduced from 222 to 122 Tg yr-1, and overall deposition of ozone to all surface types reduces from 862 to 758 Tg yr-1. Tropospheric ozone burdens and global mean OH increase from 324 to 328 Tg, and from 1.17×106 to 1.18×106 molec.cm-3, respectively. A total of 34 % of surface grid boxes experience a 10 % or greater increase in ozone concentration. Comparisons between observations of surface ozone and the model are improved with the new parameterization notably around the Southern Ocean. Process-level representation of oceanic deposition of ozone thus appears essential for representing the concentration of surface ozone over the planet

Stable nondegenerate optical parametric oscillation at degenerate frequencies in Na:KTP

We report the realization of a light source specifically designed for the generation of bright continuous-variable entangled beams and for Heisenberg-limited inteferometry. The source is a nondegenerate, single-mode, continuous-wave optical parametric oscillator in Na:KTP, operated at frequency degeneracy and just above threshold, which is also of interest for the study of critical fluctuations at the transition point. The residual frequency-difference jitter is $\pm$ 150 kHz for a 3 MHz cold cavity half-width at half maximum. We observe 4 dB of photon-number-difference squeezing at 200 kHz. The Na:KTP crystal is noncritically phase-matched for a 532 nm pump and polarization crosstalk is therefore practically nonexistent

Retrospective harm benefit analysis of pre-clinical animal research for six treatment interventions

The harm benefit analysis (HBA) is the cornerstone of animal research regulation and is considered to be a key ethical safeguard for animals. The HBA involves weighing the anticipated benefits of animal research against its predicted harms to animals but there are doubts about how objective and accountable this process is.i. To explore the harms to animals involved in pre-clinical animal studies and to assess these against the benefits for humans accruing from these studies; ii. To test the feasibility of conducting this type of retrospective HBA.Data on harms were systematically extracted from a sample of pre-clinical animal studies whose clinical relevance had already been investigated by comparing systematic reviews of the animal studies with systematic reviews of human studies for the same interventions (antifibrinolytics for haemorrhage, bisphosphonates for osteoporosis, corticosteroids for brain injury, Tirilazad for stroke, antenatal corticosteroids for neonatal respiratory distress and thrombolytics for stroke). Clinical relevance was also explored in terms of current clinical practice. Harms were categorised for severity using an expert panel. The quality of the research and its impact were considered. Bateson's Cube was used to conduct the HBA.The most common assessment of animal harms by the expert panel was 'severe'. Reported use of analgesia was rare and some animals (including most neonates) endured significant procedures with no, or only light, anaesthesia reported. Some animals suffered iatrogenic harms. Many were kept alive for long periods post-experimentally but only 1% of studies reported post-operative care. A third of studies reported that some animals died prior to endpoints. All the studies were of poor quality. Having weighed the actual harms to animals against the actual clinical benefits accruing from these studies, and taking into account the quality of the research and its impact, less than 7% of the studies were permissible according to Bateson's Cube: only the moderate bisphosphonate studies appeared to minimise harms to animals whilst being associated with benefit for humans.This is the first time the accountability of the HBA has been systematically explored across a range of pre-clinical animal studies. The regulatory systems in place when these studies were conducted failed to safeguard animals from severe suffering or to ensure that only beneficial, scientifically rigorous research was conducted. Our findings indicate a pressing need to: i. review regulations, particularly those that permit animals to suffer severe harms; ii. reform the processes of prospectively assessing pre-clinical animal studies to make them fit for purpose; and iii. systematically evaluate the benefits of pre-clinical animal research to permit a more realistic assessment of its likely future benefits

Noise reduction in gravitational wave interferometers using feedback

We show that the quantum locking scheme recently proposed by Courty {\it et al.} [Phys. Rev. Lett. {\bf 90}, 083601 (2003)] for the reduction of back action noise is able to significantly improve the sensitivity of the next generation of gravitational wave interferometers.Comment: 12 pages, 2 figures, in print in the Special Issue of J. Opt. B on Fluctuations and Noise in Photonics and Quantum Optic

Turfgrass research report 1996

Preemergence herbicide efficacy on crabgrass-1996 / J. Street and R. Stewart --Postemergence herbicide efficacy on crabgrass -1996 / J. Street and R. Stewart -- General turfgrass broadleaf weed control evaluation / W. Pound -- Nonselective herbicide evaluation / W. Pound -- Postemergent yellow nutsedge evaluation / W. Pound and R. Stewart -- Preemergent broadleaf weed control / W. Pound -- Control of ant mounds in turfgrass-1996 / D. J. Shetlar, H. D. Niemczyk and K. T. Power -- Control of hairy chinch bugs in turfgrass -1996 / D. J. Shetlar, H. D. Niemczyk and K. T. Power -- Preventive and curative insecticide applications for control of hairy chinch bugs in turfgrass - 1996 / D. J. Shetlar, H. D. Niemczyk and K. T. Power -- Quick kill of black cutworm larvae in bentgrass - 1996 / D. J. Shetlar, H. D. Niemczyk and K. T. Power -- Control of black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel), and sod webworms (Pyralidae: Crambinae) in creeping bentgrass, Agrostis palustris Hudson, with spinosad formulations, Columbus, Ohio, 1996 / D. J. Shetlar, H. D. Niemczyk and M. Belcher -- Control of black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel), and sod webworms (Pyralidae: Crambinae) in creeping bentgrass, Agrostis palustris Hudson, with observations on black turfgrass Ataenius adults, Ataenius spretulus (Haldeman), Columbus, Ohio, 1996 / D. J. Shetlar, H. D. Niemczyk and M. Belcher -- Control of black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel), sod webworms (Pyralidae: Crambinae), and black turfgrass Ataenius adults, Ataenius spretulus (Haldeman), in creeping bentgrass, Agrostis palustris Hudson, Columbus, Ohio, 1996 / D. J. Shetlar, H. D. Niemczyk and M. Belcher -- Control of bluegrass billbug, Sphenophorus parvulus Gyllenhal, larvae in lawn turf, Wooster, Ohio, 1996 / D. J. Shetlar, H. D. Niemczyk and M. Belcher -- Efficacy of spinosad applied prior to oviposition for control of bluegrass billbug larvae in turfgrass - 1996 / D. J. Shetlar, H. D. Niemczyk and K. T. Power -- Efficacy of insecticides applied prior to oviposition for control of bluegrass billbug larvae in turfgrass - 1996 / D. J. Shetlar, H. D. Niemczyk and K. T. Power -- Application of insecticides to kill black turfgrass Ataenius adults prior to egg laying on golf course fairways-1996 / D. J. Shetlar, H. D. Niemczyk and K. T. Power -- Preventive applications for control of Japanese beetle larvae in turfgrass - 1996 / D. J. Shetlar, H. D. Niemczyk and K. T. Power -- Influence of application date on the efficacy of insecticides applied for control of Japanese beetle larvae in turfgrass - 1996 / D. J. Shetlar, H. D. Niemczyk and K. T. Power -- Application of insecticides for preventive control of Japanese beetle larval populations in turfgrass - 1996 / D. J. Shetlar, H. D. Niemczyk and K. T. Power -- Application of Bacillus thuringiensis strain 'buibui' for control of white grubs in turfgrass -1996 / D. J. Shetlar, H. D. Niemczyk and K. T. Power -- Curative control of masked chafer larvae in turfgrass -1996 / D. J. Shetlar, H. D. Niemczyk and K. T. Power -- A field test of RH-0345 2SC and 2.5G at 2.0 lb.ai/ acre and Merit 75WP at 0.3 lb. ai/ acre for control of black cutworm larvae on golf course greens / H. D. Niemczyk -- Dollar spot control study - 1996 / K. Danneberger, J. Rimelspach, M. Boehm, and J. Taylor -- quality ratings for various fungicide treatments on creeping bentgrass putting green turf / K. Danneberger, J. Rimelspach, M. Boehm, and J. Taylor -- Brown patch control study on creeping bentgrass turf - 1996 / K. Danneberger, J. Rimelspach, M. Boehm, and J. Taylor -- Brown patch control on tall fescue / K. Danneberger, J. Rimelspach, M. Boehm, and J. Taylor -- Yellow tuft study-1996 / K. Danneberger, J. Rimelspach, M. Boehm, and J. Taylor -- Creeping bentgrass melting-out study / K. Danneberger, J. Taylor, R. Golembiewski, G. Bell, J. Rimelspach, and M. Boehm -- Kentucky bluegrass melting-out study / K. Danneberger, J. Rimelspach, M. Boehm and J. Taylor -- Red thread control study on perennial ryegrass / J. Rimelspach, K. Danneberger, and M. Boehm -- Red thread control study on Kentucky bluegrass / J. Rimelspach, K. Danneberger and M. Boehm -- Evaluation of fungicides for the control of red thread in Kentucky bluegrass, 1996 / J. Rimelspach, M. Boehm, K. Danneberger and J. Taylor -- Evaluation of fungicides for the control of red thread in perennial ryegrass, 1996 / J. Rimelspach, M. Boehm, K. Danneberger and J. Taylor -- Pink snow mold control study-1995-1996 / J. Rimelspach and K. Danneberger -- Primo & Sentinel applications on Poa annua quality / K. Danneberger, J. Taylor, R. Golembiewski, and G. Bell -- Nitrogen source, rate, and timing effect on Kentucky bluegrass -1996 / J. R. Street and R. M. Stewart -- Natural organic source evaluation on a Kentucky bluegrass-perennial ryegrass mixture-1996 / J. R. Street and R. M. Stewart -- Polymer-coated urea source and rate effect on Kentucky bluegrass / J. R. Street and R. M. Stewart -- Polymer-coated urea and IBDU fertilizer performance on Kentucky bluegrass / J. R. Street and R. M. Stewart -- 1993 NTEP bentgrass (fairway/tee) cultivar evaluation / J. A. Taylor -- 1993 NTEP fineleaf fescue cultivar evaluation / J. Taylor -- 1994 NTEP perennial ryegrass cultivar evaluation / J. Taylor -- 1995 Kentucky bluegrass (medium/high input) cultivar evaluation / J. Taylor -- 1995 NTEP Kentucky bluegrass (low input) cultivar evaluation / J. Taylor -- Controlling annual bluegrass and rough bluegrass in creeping bentgrass fairways: a nutritional approach / G. E. Bell, E. Odorizzi and T. K. Danneberger -- "Primo" growth regulator evaluation on creeping bentgrass / W. Pound and R. Stewart -- Influence of dollar spot on a blend of two creeping bentgrass cultivars / R. C. Golembiewski, T. K. Danneberger and P. M. Sweeney -- Dollar spot severity as influenced by Primo, creeping bentgrass cultivars, and nitrogen fertility / R. C. Golembiewski and T. K. Danneberger -- Identification of bulk samples of perennial ryegrass cultivars with RAPD Markers / P. M. Sweeney and T. K. Danneberge

Turfgrass research report 1995

Postemergence herbicide efficacy on crabgrass / John R. Street and Renee M. Stewart -- Preemergence herbicide efficacy on crabgrass / John R. Street and Renee M. Stewart --Preemergent common chickweed weed control evaluation / William Pound -- Preemergent purple dead nettle weed control evaluation / William Pound -- General turfgrass broadleaf weed control evaluation / William Pound -- Finale/Roundup herbicide demonstration evaluation / William Pound -- Ground ivy control evaluation / William Pound -- Manage yellow nutsedge control evaluation / William Pound -- Alternative Turflon solvent tolerance evaluation / William Pound -- Wild violet control evaluation / William Pound --Leaf spot study, 1995 / Joe Rimelspach, Karl Danneberger and Jill Taylor -- Leaf spot control study - Galena, Ohio / Joe Rimelspach, Karl Danneberger and Jill Taylor -- Red thread control study, 1995 / Joe Rimelspach, Karl Danneberger -- Brown patch study, 1995 / Joe Rimelspach, Karl Danneberger, Joseph Vagnier and Jill Taylor -- Brown patch (Rhizoctonia solani) curative study / Joe Rimelspach, Karl Danneberger and Jill Taylor -- Preventive dollar spot (Sclerotinia homoeocarpa) control study, 1995 / Joe Rimelspach, Karl Danneberger, Joseph Vagnier and Jill Taylor -- Take-All control study / Joe Rimelspach and Karl Danneberger -- Yellow tuft study, 1995 / Joe Rimelspach, Karl Danneberger, Joseph Vagnier and Jill Taylor -- Summer patch control study / Rob Golembiewski, Joe Rimelspach and Karl Danneberger -- Sentinel and Daconil Ultrex gallonage study: influence on dollar spot control / Karl Danneberger and Jill Taylor -- Pink snow mold control study, 1994-1995 / Jill Taylor, Joe Rimelspach and Karl Danneberger -- Control of black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel), and sod webworms (Pyralidae: Crambinae) on short cut bentgrass, Agrostis palustris Hudson-1995 / David J. Shetlar, Harry D. Niemczyk and Kevin T. Power -- Control of black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel), and sod webworms (Pyralidae: Crambinae) on short cut bentgrass, Agrostis palustris Hudson using spinosad formulations -1995 / David J. Shetlar, Harry D. Niemczyk and Kevin T. Power -- Applications of insecticides for control of second generation hairy chinch bugs in turfgrass -1995 / David J. Shetlar, Harry D. Niemczyk and Kevin T. Power -- Preventive application of insecticides for control of black turfgrass Ataenius larvae on golf course fairways, 1995 / David J. Shetlar, Harry D. Niemczyk and Kevin T. Power -- Spring application of chemical and biological insecticides for control of overwintered white grubs in turfgrass, 1995 / David J. Shetlar, Harry D. Niemczyk and Kevin T. Power -- Influence of post-treatment irrigation on the efficacy of RH 0345 and Merit applied at the time of egg hatch for control of Japanese beetle larvae in turf, 1995 / David J. Shetlar, Harry D. Niemczyk and Kevin T. Power -- Application of various insecticides for preventive control of Japanese Beetle larvae in turfgrass, 1995 / David J. Shetlar, Harry D. Niemczyk and Kevin T. Power -- Chemical and biological insecticides applied for control of white grubs in turfgrass, 1995 / David J. Shetlar, Harry D. Niemczyk and Kevin T. Power -- Nitrogen source, rate, and timing effect on Kentucky bluegrass / John R. Street and Renee M. Stewart -- Natural organic source evaluation on a Kentucky bluegrass-perennial ryegrass mixture / John R. Street and Renee M. Stewart -- Nitrogen source, rate, and timing effect on Kentucky bluegrass / John R. Street and Renee M. Stewart -- Polymer-coated nitrogen source effect on Kentucky bluegrass / John R. Street and Renee M. Stewart -- 1993 NTEP bentgrass test (fairway/tee) / Jill A. Taylor -- 1993 NTEP fineleaf fescue test / Jill Taylor -- 1994 NTEP perennial ryegrass test / Jill Taylor -- 'Primo' growth regulator evaluation on creeping bentgrass / William Pound -- Bermudagrass management study / John Street and Jill Taylor -- Electrophoretic evaluation of esterase isozymes from turfgrass seed blends and mixtures / G. E. Bell, M. B. McDonald Jr. and T. K. Danneberger -- Computer Imaging of Electrophoretic Gels / G. E. Bell, M. B. McDonald Jr., T. K. Danneberger and S. K. St. Martin -- Evaluation of Kentucky bluegrass blends using isoelectric focusing and computer imaging / G. E. Bell, M. B. McDonald Jr. and T. K. Danneberger -- Identification of RAFLP markers in perennial ryegrass / Patricia M. Sweeney and Karl Danneberger -- RAPD analysis of dry turfgrass seed / Patricia Sweeney, Robert Golembiewski and Karl Danneberge