3,754 research outputs found
Scaling of transmission capacities in coarse-grained renewable electricity networks
Network models of large-scale electricity systems feature only a limited
spatial resolution, either due to lack of data or in order to reduce the
complexity of the problem with respect to numerical calculations. In such
cases, both the network topology, the load and the generation patterns below a
given spatial scale are aggregated into representative nodes. This
coarse-graining affects power flows and thus the resulting transmission needs
of the system. We derive analytical scaling laws for measures of network
transmission capacity and cost in coarse-grained renewable electricity
networks. For the cost measure only a very weak scaling with the spatial
resolution of the system is found. The analytical results are shown to describe
the scaling of the transmission infrastructure measures for a simplified, but
data-driven and spatially detailed model of the European electricity system
with a high share of fluctuating renewable generation.Comment: to be published in EP
Investigation of Parameters that Affect the Success Rate of Microarray-Based Allele-Specific Hybridization Assays
BACKGROUND: The development of microarray-based genetic tests for diseases that are caused by known mutations is becoming increasingly important. The key obstacle to developing functional genotyping assays is that such mutations need to be genotyped regardless of their location in genomic regions. These regions include large variations in G+C content, and structural features like hairpins. METHODS/FINDINGS: We describe a rational, stable method for screening and combining assay conditions for the genetic analysis of 42 Phenylketonuria-associated mutations in the phenylalanine hydroxylase gene. The mutations are located in regions with large variations in G+C content (20-75%). Custom-made microarrays with different lengths of complementary probe sequences and spacers were hybridized with pooled PCR products of 12 exons from each of 38 individual patient DNA samples. The arrays were washed with eight buffers with different stringencies in a custom-made microfluidic system. The data were used to assess which parameters play significant roles in assay development. CONCLUSIONS: Several assay development methods found suitable probes and assay conditions for a functional test for all investigated mutation sites. Probe length, probe spacer length, and assay stringency sufficed as variable parameters in the search for a functional multiplex assay. We discuss the optimal assay development methods for several different scenarios
Social preferences, accountability, and wage bargaining
We experimentally test preferences for employment in a collective wage bargaining situation with heterogeneous workers. We vary the size of the union and introduce a treatment mechanism transforming the voting game into an individual allocation task. Our results show that highly productive workers do not take employment of low productive workers into account when making wage proposals, regardless of whether only union members determine the wage or all workers. The level of pro-social preferences is small in the voting game, but it increases if the game becomes an individual allocation task. We interpret this as an accountability effect
Development of Scale-down system for perfusion precesses
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