Determination, purpose and tasks of innovations and innovative activity

На основі аналізу та узагальнення результатів вітчизняних і зарубіжних науковців в статті висвітлюються поняття «інновація» та «інноваційна діяльність», розкриваються різні підходи пов’язані з створенням, впровадженням та розповсюдженням нового в економічній сфері. Представлено зв'язок між інноваціями та інвестиціями. Підкреслюємо, що інноваційна діяльність є важливою складовою системи заходів щодо прискорення розвитку виробництва, підвищення його конкурентоспроможності та ефективності.Ключові слова: інновації, інноваційна діяльність, інвестиції, нововведення.магістр, Потапкин А. И., кандидат педагогических наук, Потапкина Л. В. Определение, цель и задания инноваций и инновационной деятельности / ЧВУЗ «Университет экономики и предпринимательства», Украина, ХмельницкийНа основе анализа и обобщения результатов отечественных и зарубежных научных исследователей в статье освещаются понятия «инновация» и «инновационная деятельность», раскрываются разные подходы связанные с созданием, внедрением и распространением, нового в экономической сфере. Представлено связь между инновациями и инвестициями. Подчеркиваем, что инновационная деятельность является важной составляющей системы мероприятий по ускорению развития производства, повышения его конкурентоспособности и эффективности.Ключевые слова: инновации, инновационная деятельность, инвестиции, нововведения.Master degree student, Potapkin A. I., PhD in Pedagogical, Potapkina L. V. Determination, purpose and tasks of innovations and innovative activity / Higher educational establishment «University of economy and enterprise», Ukraine, KhmelnytskyiOn the basis of analysis and generalization of the results of domestic and foreign scientific researchers, the article presents a concept of the «innovation» and the «innovative activity». The different approaches that are related to the creation, the introduction and the distribution of the new in an economic sphere are shown. Connection is presented between innovations and investments. Innovative activity is important making system of measures on the acceleration of development of production, increases of his competitiveness and efficiency.Key words: of innovation, innovative activity, investments, innovations

AA stacking, tribological and electronic properties of double-layer graphene with krypton spacer

Structural, energetic and tribological characteristics of double-layer graphene with commensurate and incommensurate krypton spacers of nearly monolayer coverage are studied within the van der Waals-corrected density functional theory. It is shown that when the spacer is in the commensurate phase, the graphene layers have the AA stacking. For this phase, the barriers to relative in-plane translational and rotational motion and the shear mode frequency of the graphene layers are calculated. For the incommensurate phase, both of the barriers are found to be negligibly small. A considerable change of tunneling conductance between the graphene layers separated by the commensurate krypton spacer at their relative subangstrom displacement is revealed by the use of the Bardeen method. The possibility of nanoelectromechanical systems based on the studied tribological and electronic properties of the considered heterostructures is discussed

Dissipation and fluctuations in nanoelectromechanical systems based on carbon nanotubes

Tribological characteristics of nanotube-based nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) exemplified by a gigahertz oscillator are studied. Various factors that influence the tribological properties of the nanotube-based NEMS are quantitatively analyzed with the use of molecular dynamics calculations of the quality factor (Q-factor) of the gigahertz oscillator. We demonstrate that commensurability of the nanotube walls can increase the dissipation rate, while the structure of the wall ends and the nanotube length do not influence the Q-factor. It is shown that the dissipation rate depends on the interwall distance and the way of fixation of the outer wall and is significant in the case of a poor fixation for the nanotubes with a large interwall distance. Defects are found to strongly decrease the Q-factor due to the excitation of low-frequency vibrational modes. No universal correlation between the static friction forces and the energy dissipation rate is established. We propose an explanation of the obtained results on the basis of the classical theory of vibrational-translational relaxation. Significant thermodynamics fluctuations are revealed in the gigahertz oscillator by molecular dynamics simulations and analyzed in the framework of the fluctuation-dissipation theorem. Possibility of designing the NEMS with a desirable Q-factor and their applications are discussed on the basis of the above results.Comment: 32 pages, 7 figure

On Predicting Mössbauer Parameters of Iron-Containing Molecules with Density-Functional Theory

The performance of six frequently used density functional theory (DFT) methods (RPBE, OLYP, TPSS, B3LYP, B3LYP*, and TPSSh) in the prediction of Mössbauer isomer shifts(δ) and quadrupole splittings (ΔEQ) is studied for an extended and diverse set of Fe complexes. In addition to the influence of the applied density functional and the type of the basis set, the effect of the environment of the molecule, approximated with the conducting-like screening solvation model (COSMO) on the computed Mössbauer parameters, is also investigated. For the isomer shifts the COSMO-B3LYP method is found to provide accurate δ values for all 66 investigated complexes, with a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.05 mm s–1 and a maximum deviation of 0.12 mm s–1. Obtaining accurate ΔEQ values presents a bigger challenge; however, with the selection of an appropriate DFT method, a reasonable agreement can be achieved between experiment and theory. Identifying the various chemical classes of compounds that need different treatment allowed us to construct a recipe for ΔEQ calculations; the application of this approach yields a MAE of 0.12 mm s–1 (7% error) and a maximum deviation of 0.55 mm s–1 (17% error). This accuracy should be sufficient for most chemical problems that concern Fe complexes. Furthermore, the reliability of the DFT approach is verified by extending the investigation to chemically relevant case studies which include geometric isomerism, phase transitions induced by variations of the electronic structure (e.g., spin crossover and inversion of the orbital ground state), and the description of electronically degenerate triplet and quintet states. Finally, the immense and often unexploited potential of utilizing the sign of the ΔEQ in characterizing distortions or in identifying the appropriate electronic state at the assignment of the spectral lines is also shown

Mechanism and kinetics of H{sub 2}S-CO{sub 2} mixture dissociation in plasma of a microwave-discharge

Several experimental and theoretical investigations of plasma-chemical H{sub 2}S dissociation have addressed the effects of different gas compositions and various types of discharges (such as microwave, radio-frequency, arc, and glidarc discharges). There are two primary reasons for these investigations: (1) the plasma-chemical process recovers both hydrogen (a valuable chemical reagent) and sulfur from H{sub 2}S (as in the conventional Claus process), and (2) plasmas can be used for selectively decomposing H{sub 2}S in air and other exhaust gases for environmental-control purposes. These studies have shown that, in plasmas with strong centrifugal force fields, H{sub 2}S can be dissociated with high specific rates and low specific energies of dissociation (0.8-1.0 eV/molecule). Furthermore, acid gases from both natural deposits and those produced in industrial processes often contain significant amounts of CO{sub 2} in addition to H{sub 2}S. Unfortunately, CO{sub 2}can have substantial, negative impacts on H{sub 2}S dissociation. In particular, CO{sub 2} can significantly increase the process energy consumption and affect by-product composition. However, until this study, the influence of CO{sub 2} on the plasma-chemical dissociation of H{sub 2}S has not been studied in detail. This study presents the results of a theoretical analysis of an experimental determination of the CO{sub 2} effects over a wide range of CO{sub 2} concentrations. This analysis identified the primary chemical reaction mechanism and the kinetics for the plasma-chemical dissociation of H{sub 2}S, including the generation of two undesirable by-products, SO{sub 2} and COS

INFORMATIONAL PECULIARITIES OF OPTICAL-ELECTRONIC INTROSCOPY OF TUBE ARTICLES

Informational-physical peculiarities of optical-electronic introscopy of pipe articles, enabling more rational transformation of optical declinations and images, appeared declinations and heterogeneities of internal surfaces are examined

The influence of solid solution on elastic wave velocity determination in (Mg,Fe)O using nuclear inelastic scattering

Elastic wave velocities of minerals are important for constraining the chemistry, structure and dynamics of the Earth’s mantle based on the comparison between laboratory-based measurements and seismic observations. As the second most abundant phase in the Earth’s lower mantle, (Mg,Fe)O ferropericlase has been the focus of numerous studies measuring the elastic wave velocities using various methods such as Brillouin spectroscopy and ultrasonic measurements. Recently, nuclear inelastic scattering (NIS) has been used to determine elastic wave velocities of iron-bearing phases. However, the elastic wave velocities of ferropericlase obtained using NIS are considerably lower than the velocities obtained by other methods, even at ambient conditions. One possible source of this discrepancy is the local nature of the NIS method. In order to test this hypothesis, we have investigated six ferropericlase samples with various iron contents using NIS. The Debye sound velocities calculated using the conventional method of NIS analysis are consistent with previous results obtained using NIS, yet the values are significantly lower than those obtained using ultrasonics and Brillouin spectroscopy. If the Debye sound velocities are re-calculated based on a mixture of different iron next-neighbour configurations with different compositions, the Debye sound velocities determined by NIS agree well with the results from other methods. Our new model was also successfully applied to high-pressure NIS data taken from the literature. Our results constitute an important step towards a better understanding of how to obtain reliable sound velocities of iron-bearing mantle minerals from NIS measurements