Temporal Variation of Iodine Isotopes in the North Sea

Monitoring temporal variability of ¹²⁹I in the North Sea, a relatively large reservoir of radioactive discharges from the nuclear fuel reprocessing facilities, is vital for the environmental situation in the region. New information on concentration levels and distribution of ¹²⁹I and ¹²⁷I and their species forms (iodide and iodate) are gained here through sampling of surface water in 2010. The results show generally large spatial and temporal (compared to data from 2005) fluctuations of total ¹²⁹I and ¹²⁷I, and iodide and iodate. In samples south of 53°N, the level of ¹²⁷I^– in 2010 was generally comparable or higher than in 2005. The results also show total ¹²⁹I concentrations comparable in the south, but 2–8 times lower in the north, to the analyses made in 2005. Different from total ¹²⁹I, the ¹²⁹I^–/¹²⁹IO₃^– values in the northern part were 2 times higher in 2010 than values observed in 2005. These variations in total ¹²⁹I and ¹²⁷I and their species are related to coastal water offshore propagation and surface currents that are linked to long-term and seasonal climatic changes over the North Atlantic and North Sea. Inventory estimation shows that >90% of ¹²⁹I resides in the Southern and German Bights, which also suggests negligible contribution from the Sellafield facility discharges when compared with that from the La Hague. Variability in discharge rate from La Hague may also affect the distribution patterns of ¹²⁹I in the North Sea on the monthly scale

Evaluation of Intracavity Optogalvanic Spectroscopy for Radiocarbon Measurements

Ever since the first publication of intracavity optogalvanic spectroscopy (ICOGS) in 2008, this novel technique for measuring the ¹⁴C/¹²C ratio in carbon dioxide has rendered considerable attention. As a result, there are currently at least five different research groups pursuing research on ICOGS. With a claimed limit of detection of 10^–15 (¹⁴C/¹²C), i.e., in the same order as accelerator mass spectroscopy, achieved with a relatively inexpensive and uncomplicated table-top system, ICOGS has major scientific and commercial implications. However, during the past 5 years, no research group has been able to reproduce these results or present additional proof for ICOGS’s capability of unambiguous ¹⁴C detection, including the authors of the original publication. Starting in 2010, our group has set up a state-of-the-art ICOGS laboratory and has investigated the basic methodology of ICOGS in general and tried to reproduce the reported experiments in particular. We have not been able to reproduce the reported results concerning the optogalvanic signals dependence on ¹⁴C concentration and wavelength and, ultimately, not seen any evidence of the capability of ICOGS to unambiguously detect ¹⁴C at all. Instead, we have found indications that the reported results can be products of measurement uncertainties and mistakes. Furthermore, our results strongly indicate that the reported limit of detection is likely to be overestimated by at least 2 orders of magnitude, based on the results presented in the original publication. Hence, we conclude that the original reports on ICOGS cannot be confirmed and therefore must be in error

Iodine-129 in Snow and Seawater in the Antarctic: Level and Source

Anthropogenic ¹²⁹I has been released to the environment in different ways and chemical species by human nuclear activities since the 1940s. These sources provide ideal tools to trace the dispersion of volatile pollutants in the atmosphere. Snow and seawater samples collected in Bellingshausen, Amundsen, and Ross Seas in Antarctica in 2011 were analyzed for ¹²⁹I and ¹²⁷I, including organic forms; it was observed that ¹²⁹I/¹²⁷I atomic ratios in the Antarctic surface seawater ((6.1–13) × 10^–12) are about 2 orders of magnitude lower than those in the Antarctic snow ((6.8–9.5) × 10^–10), but 4–6 times higher than the prenuclear level (1.5 × 10^–12), indicating a predominantly anthropogenic source of ¹²⁹I in the Antarctic environment. The ¹²⁹I level in snow in Antarctica is 2–4 orders of magnitude lower than that in the Northern Hemisphere, but is not significantly higher than that observed in other sites in the Southern Hemisphere. This feature indicates that ¹²⁹I in Antarctic snow mainly originates from atmospheric nuclear weapons testing from 1945 to 1980; resuspension and re-emission of the fallout ¹²⁹I in the Southern Hemisphere maintains the ¹²⁹I level in the Antarctic atmosphere. ¹²⁹I directly released to the atmosphere and re-emitted marine discharged ¹²⁹I from reprocessing plants in Europe might not significantly disperse to Antarctica

Iodine-129 in Snow and Seawater in the Antarctic: Level and Source

Anthropogenic 129I has been released to the environment in different ways and chemical species by human nuclear activities since the 1940s. These sources provide ideal tools to trace the dispersion of volatile pollutants in the atmosphere. Snow and seawater samples collected in Bellingshausen, Amundsen, and Ross Seas in Antarctica in 2011 were analyzed for 129I and 127I, including organic forms; it was observed that 129I/127I atomic ratios in the Antarctic surface seawater ((6.1&minus;13) &times; 10&minus;12) are about 2 orders of magnitude lower than those in the Antarctic snow ((6.8&minus;9.5) &times; 10&minus;10), but 4&minus;6 times higher than the prenuclear level (1.5 &times; 10&minus;12), indicating a predominantly anthropogenic source of 129I in the Antarctic environment. The 129I level in snow in Antarctica is 2&minus;4 orders of magnitude lower than that in the Northern Hemisphere, but is not significantly higher than that observed in other sites in the Southern Hemisphere. This feature indicates that 129I in Antarctic snow mainly originates from atmospheric nuclear weapons testing from 1945 to 1980; resuspension and re-emission of the fallout 129I in the Southern Hemisphere maintains the 129I level in the Antarctic atmosphere. 129I directly released to the atmosphere and re-emitted marine discharged 129I from reprocessing plants in Europe might not significantly disperse to Antarctica.</p