Identification and Analysis of Patterns of Machine Learning Systems in the Connected, Adaptive Production

Over the past six decades, many companies have discovered the potential of computer-controlled systems in the manufacturing industry. Overall, digitization can be identified as one of the main drivers of cost reduction in the manufacturing industry. However, recent advances in Artificial Intelligence indicate that there is still untapped potential in the use and analysis of data in industry. Many reports and surveys indicate that machine learning solutions are slowly adapted and that the process of implementation is decelerated by inefficiencies. The goal of this paper is the systematic analysis of successfully implemented machine learning solutions in manufacturing as well as the derivation of a more efficient implementation approach. For this, three use cases have been identified for in-depth analysis and a framework for systematic comparisons between differently implemented solutions is developed. In all three use cases it is possible to derive implementation patterns as well as to identify key variables which determine the success of implementation. The identified patterns show that similar machine learning problems within the same use case can be solved with similar solutions. The results provide a heuristic for future implementation attempts tackling problems of similar nature

Diversity and biogeography of frogs in the genus Amnirana (Anura: Ranidae) across sub-Saharan Africa

Frogs in the genus Amnirana (family Ranidae) are widely distributed across sub-Saharan Africa and present a model system for exploring the relationship between diversification and geography across the continent. Using multiple loci from the mitochondrial (16S) and nuclear genomes (DISP2, FICD, KIAA2013, REV3L), we generated a strongly supported species-level phylogeny that provides insights into the continental biogeography of African species of Amnirana, which form a monophyletic group within the genus. Species delimitation analyses suggest that there may be as many as seven additional species of Amnirana in Africa. The biogeographic history of Amnirana is marked by several dispersal and vicariance events, including dispersal from the Lower Guinean Forest into the Congo Basin. In addition, phylogeographic patterns within two widespread species, A. albolabris and A. galamensis, reveal undescribed cryptic diversity. Populations assigned to A. albolabris in western Africa are more closely related to A. fonensis and require recognition as a distinct species. Our analyses reveal that the Lower and Upper Guinean Forest regions served as important centers of interspecific and intraspecific diversifications for Amnirana

West Africa - A Safe Haven for Frogs? A Sub-Continental Assessment of the Chytrid Fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis)

A putative driver of global amphibian decline is the panzootic chytrid fungus Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). While Bd has been documented across continental Africa, its distribution in West Africa remains ambiguous. We tested 793 West African amphibians (one caecilian and 61 anuran species) for the presence of Bd. The samples originated from seven West African countries - Bénin, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Sierra Leone - and were collected from a variety of habitats, ranging from lowland rainforests to montane forests, montane grasslands to humid and dry lowland savannahs. The species investigated comprised various life-history strategies, but we focused particularly on aquatic and riparian species. We used diagnostic PCR to screen 656 specimen swabs and histology to analyse 137 specimen toe tips. All samples tested negative for Bd, including a widespread habitat generalist Hoplobatrachus occipitalis which is intensively traded on the West African food market and thus could be a potential dispersal agent for Bd. Continental fine-grained (30 arc seconds) environmental niche models suggest that Bd should have a broad distribution across West Africa that includes most of the regions and habitats that we surveyed. The surprising apparent absence of Bd in West Africa indicates that the Dahomey Gap may have acted as a natural barrier. Herein we highlight the importance of this Bd-free region of the African continent - especially for the long-term conservation of several threatened species depending on fast flowing forest streams (Conraua alleni (“Vulnerable”) and Petropedetes natator (“Near Threatened”)) as well as the “Critically Endangered” viviparous toad endemic to the montane grasslands of Mount Nimba (Nimbaphrynoides occidentalis)

FIGURE 7 in Systematics of the Central African Spiny Reed Frog Afrixalus laevis (Anura Hyperoliidae), with the description of two new species from the Albertine Rift

FIGURE 7. Photos of Afrixalus phantasma sp. nov. in life. Adult male holotype, ZFMK 103454 (field no. JMD 723), from Gishwati-Mukura National Park, Rwanda, in the habitat showing nighttime coloration (A), adult male paratype, ZFMK 103460 (field no. JMD 679) from Kamiranzovu Swamp, Nyungwe National Park, showing daytime coloration in dorsal (B) and ventral views (C), adult male paratype UTEP 20802 (EBG 1198) from Kahuzi-Biega National Park, DRC (D), photographed the morning after capture.Published as part of <i>Greenbaum, Eli, Portik, Daniel M., Allen, Kaitlin E., Vaughan, Eugene R., Badjedjea, Gabriel, Barej, Michael F., Behangana, Mathias, Conkey, Nancy, Dumbo, Bonny, Gonwouo, Legrand N., Hirschfeld, Mareike, Hughes, Daniel F., Igunzi, Félix, Kusamba, Chifundera, Lukwago, Wilber, Masudi, Franck M., Penner, Johannes, Reyes, Jesús M., Rödel, Mark-Oliver, Roelke, Corey E., Romero, Soraya & Dehling, J. Maximilian, 2022, Systematics of the Central African Spiny Reed Frog Afrixalus laevis (Anura Hyperoliidae), with the description of two new species from the Albertine Rift, pp. 201-232 in Zootaxa 5174 (3)</i> on page 214, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5174.3.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/6986207">http://zenodo.org/record/6986207</a&gt

FIGURE 12 in Systematics of the Central African Spiny Reed Frog Afrixalus laevis (Anura Hyperoliidae), with the description of two new species from the Albertine Rift

FIGURE 12. Photos of Afrixalus lacustris sp. nov. in life. Adult male holotype (UTEP 20805), from the vicinity of Kalundu (03.15552° S, 28.42108° E, 1482 m), South Kivu Province, DRC in dorsal (A) and (B) ventral views, adult female (UTEP 20809) from Baraka, near shore of Lake Tanganyika, South Kivu Province, DRC (C), adult female (EPLU 395) from Epulu, Ituri Province, DRC (D), adult male (UTEP 22417) from Toyokana, Ituri Province, DRC (E), individual of unknown sex (DFH 1102) from Ngogo Research Center, Kibale Forest National Park, Western Region, Uganda (F). All photos taken the morning after capture.Published as part of <i>Greenbaum, Eli, Portik, Daniel M., Allen, Kaitlin E., Vaughan, Eugene R., Badjedjea, Gabriel, Barej, Michael F., Behangana, Mathias, Conkey, Nancy, Dumbo, Bonny, Gonwouo, Legrand N., Hirschfeld, Mareike, Hughes, Daniel F., Igunzi, Félix, Kusamba, Chifundera, Lukwago, Wilber, Masudi, Franck M., Penner, Johannes, Reyes, Jesús M., Rödel, Mark-Oliver, Roelke, Corey E., Romero, Soraya & Dehling, J. Maximilian, 2022, Systematics of the Central African Spiny Reed Frog Afrixalus laevis (Anura Hyperoliidae), with the description of two new species from the Albertine Rift, pp. 201-232 in Zootaxa 5174 (3)</i> on page 221, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5174.3.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/6986207">http://zenodo.org/record/6986207</a&gt

FIGURE 11 in Systematics of the Central African Spiny Reed Frog Afrixalus laevis (Anura Hyperoliidae), with the description of two new species from the Albertine Rift

FIGURE 11. Photos of the habitat of (A) Afrixalus phantasma sp. nov. in Kamiranzovu Swamp, Nyungwe National Park, Rwanda, showing a forest edge in a montane marsh, and (B) A. lacustris sp. nov. from the vicinity of Kalundu, DRC, showing transitional forest.Published as part of <i>Greenbaum, Eli, Portik, Daniel M., Allen, Kaitlin E., Vaughan, Eugene R., Badjedjea, Gabriel, Barej, Michael F., Behangana, Mathias, Conkey, Nancy, Dumbo, Bonny, Gonwouo, Legrand N., Hirschfeld, Mareike, Hughes, Daniel F., Igunzi, Félix, Kusamba, Chifundera, Lukwago, Wilber, Masudi, Franck M., Penner, Johannes, Reyes, Jesús M., Rödel, Mark-Oliver, Roelke, Corey E., Romero, Soraya & Dehling, J. Maximilian, 2022, Systematics of the Central African Spiny Reed Frog Afrixalus laevis (Anura Hyperoliidae), with the description of two new species from the Albertine Rift, pp. 201-232 in Zootaxa 5174 (3)</i> on page 219, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5174.3.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/6986207">http://zenodo.org/record/6986207</a&gt

FIGURE 8 in Systematics of the Central African Spiny Reed Frog Afrixalus laevis (Anura Hyperoliidae), with the description of two new species from the Albertine Rift

FIGURE 8. Photos of the preserved holotype of Afrixalus phantasma sp. nov. (ZFMK 103454) in dorsal (A) and ventral (B) views (to scale), and plantar view of the left foot (C). Photos of the preserved holotype of A. lacustris sp. nov. (UTEP 20805) in dorsal (D) and ventral (E) views (to scale), and plantar view of the left foot (F).Published as part of <i>Greenbaum, Eli, Portik, Daniel M., Allen, Kaitlin E., Vaughan, Eugene R., Badjedjea, Gabriel, Barej, Michael F., Behangana, Mathias, Conkey, Nancy, Dumbo, Bonny, Gonwouo, Legrand N., Hirschfeld, Mareike, Hughes, Daniel F., Igunzi, Félix, Kusamba, Chifundera, Lukwago, Wilber, Masudi, Franck M., Penner, Johannes, Reyes, Jesús M., Rödel, Mark-Oliver, Roelke, Corey E., Romero, Soraya & Dehling, J. Maximilian, 2022, Systematics of the Central African Spiny Reed Frog Afrixalus laevis (Anura Hyperoliidae), with the description of two new species from the Albertine Rift, pp. 201-232 in Zootaxa 5174 (3)</i> on page 216, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5174.3.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/6986207">http://zenodo.org/record/6986207</a&gt

FIGURE 9 in Systematics of the Central African Spiny Reed Frog Afrixalus laevis (Anura Hyperoliidae), with the description of two new species from the Albertine Rift

FIGURE 9. Audiospectrogram (top) and corresponding waveform (bottom) of a five-note advertisement call of a paratype (ZFMK 103459) of Afrixalus phantasma sp. nov. recorded on 11 March 2011 at Kamiranzovu swamp, Nyungwe National Park, Rwanda.Published as part of <i>Greenbaum, Eli, Portik, Daniel M., Allen, Kaitlin E., Vaughan, Eugene R., Badjedjea, Gabriel, Barej, Michael F., Behangana, Mathias, Conkey, Nancy, Dumbo, Bonny, Gonwouo, Legrand N., Hirschfeld, Mareike, Hughes, Daniel F., Igunzi, Félix, Kusamba, Chifundera, Lukwago, Wilber, Masudi, Franck M., Penner, Johannes, Reyes, Jesús M., Rödel, Mark-Oliver, Roelke, Corey E., Romero, Soraya & Dehling, J. Maximilian, 2022, Systematics of the Central African Spiny Reed Frog Afrixalus laevis (Anura Hyperoliidae), with the description of two new species from the Albertine Rift, pp. 201-232 in Zootaxa 5174 (3)</i> on page 217, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5174.3.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/6986207">http://zenodo.org/record/6986207</a&gt

Systematics of the Central African Spiny Reed Frog Afrixalus laevis (Anura Hyperoliidae), with the description of two new species from the Albertine Rift

Greenbaum, Eli, Portik, Daniel M., Allen, Kaitlin E., Vaughan, Eugene R., Badjedjea, Gabriel, Barej, Michael F., Behangana, Mathias, Conkey, Nancy, Dumbo, Bonny, Gonwouo, Legrand N., Hirschfeld, Mareike, Hughes, Daniel F., Igunzi, Félix, Kusamba, Chifundera, Lukwago, Wilber, Masudi, Franck M., Penner, Johannes, Reyes, Jesús M., Rödel, Mark-Oliver, Roelke, Corey E., Romero, Soraya, Dehling, J. Maximilian (2022): Systematics of the Central African Spiny Reed Frog Afrixalus laevis (Anura Hyperoliidae), with the description of two new species from the Albertine Rift. Zootaxa 5174 (3): 201-232, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5174.3.

FIGURE 10 in Systematics of the Central African Spiny Reed Frog Afrixalus laevis (Anura Hyperoliidae), with the description of two new species from the Albertine Rift

FIGURE 10. Total call length (diamonds; five-note advertisement calls only) and energy maximum of dominant frequency (triangles) of the advertisement call of Afrixalus phantasma sp. nov. at varying ambient temperatures.Published as part of <i>Greenbaum, Eli, Portik, Daniel M., Allen, Kaitlin E., Vaughan, Eugene R., Badjedjea, Gabriel, Barej, Michael F., Behangana, Mathias, Conkey, Nancy, Dumbo, Bonny, Gonwouo, Legrand N., Hirschfeld, Mareike, Hughes, Daniel F., Igunzi, Félix, Kusamba, Chifundera, Lukwago, Wilber, Masudi, Franck M., Penner, Johannes, Reyes, Jesús M., Rödel, Mark-Oliver, Roelke, Corey E., Romero, Soraya & Dehling, J. Maximilian, 2022, Systematics of the Central African Spiny Reed Frog Afrixalus laevis (Anura Hyperoliidae), with the description of two new species from the Albertine Rift, pp. 201-232 in Zootaxa 5174 (3)</i> on page 218, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5174.3.1, <a href="http://zenodo.org/record/6986207">http://zenodo.org/record/6986207</a&gt