The Portevin-Le Chatelier effect in the Continuous Time Random Walk framework

We present a continuous time random walk model for the Portevin-Le Chatelier (PLC) effect. From our result it is shown that the dynamics of the PLC band can be explained in terms of the Levy Walk

Scaling Behaviour and Complexity of the Portevin-Le Chatelier Effect

The plastic deformation of dilute alloys is often accompanied by plastic instabilities due to dynamic strain aging and dislocation interaction. The repeated breakaway of dislocations from and their recapture by solute atoms leads to stress serrations and localized strain in the strain controlled tensile tests, known as the Portevin-Le Chatelier (PLC) effect. In this present work, we analyse the stress time series data of the observed PLC effect in the constant strain rate tensile tests on Al-2.5%Mg alloy for a wide range of strain rates at room temperature. The scaling behaviour of the PLC effect was studied using two complementary scaling analysis methods: the finite variance scaling method and the diffusion entropy analysis. From these analyses we could establish that in the entire span of strain rates, PLC effect showed Levy walk property. Moreover, the multiscale entropy analysis is carried out on the stress time series data observed during the PLC effect to quantify the complexity of the distinct spatiotemporal dynamical regimes. It is shown that for the static type C band, the entropy is very low for all the scales compared to the hopping type B and the propagating type A bands. The results are interpreted considering the time and length scales relevant to the effect.Comment: 35 pages, 6 figure

Dynamics of stick-slip in peeling of an adhesive tape

We investigate the dynamics of peeling of an adhesive tape subjected to a constant pull speed. We derive the equations of motion for the angular speed of the roller tape, the peel angle and the pull force used in earlier investigations using a Lagrangian. Due to the constraint between the pull force, peel angle and the peel force, it falls into the category of differential-algebraic equations requiring an appropriate algorithm for its numerical solution. Using such a scheme, we show that stick-slip jumps emerge in a purely dynamical manner. Our detailed numerical study shows that these set of equations exhibit rich dynamics hitherto not reported. In particular, our analysis shows that inertia has considerable influence on the nature of the dynamics. Following studies in the Portevin-Le Chatelier effect, we suggest a phenomenological peel force function which includes the influence of the pull speed. This reproduces the decreasing nature of the rupture force with the pull speed observed in experiments. This rich dynamics is made transparent by using a set of approximations valid in different regimes of the parameter space. The approximate solutions capture major features of the exact numerical solutions and also produce reasonably accurate values for the various quantities of interest.Comment: 12 pages, 9 figures. Minor modifications as suggested by refere

Relaxation oscillations and negative strain rate sensitivity in the Portevin - Le Chatelier effect

A characteristic feature of the Portevin - Le Chatelier effect or the jerky flow is the stick-slip nature of stress-strain curves which is believed to result from the negative strain rate dependence of the flow stress. The latter is assumed to result from the competition of a few relevant time scales controlling the dynamics of jerky flow. We address the issue of time scales and its connection to the negative strain rate sensitivity of the flow stress within the framework of a model for the jerky flow which is known to reproduce several experimentally observed features including the negative strain rate sensitivity of the flow stress. We attempt to understand the above issues by analyzing the geometry of the slow manifold underlying the relaxational oscillations in the model. We show that the nature of the relaxational oscillations is a result of the atypical bent geometry of the slow manifold. The analysis of the slow manifold structure helps us to understand the time scales operating in different regions of the slow manifold. Using this information we are able to establish connection with the strain rate sensitivity of the flow stress. The analysis also helps us to provide a proper dynamical interpretation for the negative branch of the strain rate sensitivity.Comment: 7 figures, To appear in Phys. Rev.

Multifractal burst in the spatio-temporal dynamics of jerky flow

The collective behavior of dislocations in jerky flow is studied in Al-Mg polycrystalline samples subjected to constant strain rate tests. Complementary dynamical, statistical and multifractal analyses are carried out on the stress-time series recorded during jerky flow to characterize the distinct spatio-temporal dynamical regimes. It is shown that the hopping type B and the propagating type A bands correspond to chaotic and self-organized critical states respectively. The crossover between these types of bands is identified by a large spread in the multifractal spectrum. These results are interpreted on the basis of competing scales and mechanisms.Comment: 4 pages, 6 figures To be published in Phys. Rev. Lett. (2001

Evidence for a Structural Role for Acid-Fast Lipids in Oocyst Walls of Cryptosporidium, Toxoplasma, and Eimeria

Coccidia are protozoan parasites that cause significant human disease and are of major agricultural importance. Cryptosporidium spp. cause diarrhea in humans and animals, while Toxoplasma causes disseminated infections in fetuses and untreated AIDS patients. Eimeria is a major pathogen of commercial chickens. Oocysts, which are the infectious form of Cryptosporidium and Eimeria and one of two infectious forms of Toxoplasma (the other is tissue cysts in undercooked meat), have a multilayered wall. Recently we showed that the inner layer of the oocyst walls of Toxoplasma and Eimeria is a porous scaffold of fibers of β-1,3-glucan, which are also present in fungal walls but are absent from Cryptosporidium oocyst walls. Here we present evidence for a structural role for lipids in the oocyst walls of Cryptosporidium, Toxoplasma, and Eimeria. Briefly, oocyst walls of each organism label with acid-fast stains that bind to lipids in the walls of mycobacteria. Polyketide synthases similar to those that make mycobacterial wall lipids are abundant in oocysts of Toxoplasma and Eimeria and are predicted in Cryptosporidium. The outer layer of oocyst wall of Eimeria and the entire oocyst wall of Cryptosporidium are dissolved by organic solvents. Oocyst wall lipids are complex mixtures of triglycerides, some of which contain polyhydroxy fatty acyl chains like those present in plant cutin or elongated fatty acyl chains like mycolic acids. We propose a two-layered model of the oocyst wall (glucan and acid-fast lipids) that resembles the two-layered walls of mycobacteria (peptidoglycan and acid-fast lipids) and plants (cellulose and cutin). IMPORTANCE Oocysts, which are essential for the fecal-oral spread of coccidia, have a wall that is thought responsible for their survival in the environment and for their transit through the stomach and small intestine. While oocyst walls of Toxoplasma and Eimeria are strengthened by a porous scaffold of fibrils of β-1,3-glucan and by proteins cross-linked by dityrosines, both are absent from walls of Cryptosporidium. We show here that all oocyst walls are acid fast, have a rigid bilayer, dissolve in organic solvents, and contain a complex set of triglycerides rich in polyhydroxy and long fatty acyl chains that might be synthesized by an abundant polyketide synthase. These results suggest the possibility that coccidia build a waxy coat of acid-fast lipids in the oocyst wall that makes them resistant to environmental stress.National Institutes of Health (U.S.) (Grant GM31318

Critical Dynamics of Burst Instabilities in the Portevin-Le Chatelier Effect

We investigate the Portevin-Le Chatelier effect (PLC), by compressing Al-Mg alloys in a very large deformation range, and interpret the results from the viewpoint of phase transitions and critical phenomena. The system undergoes two dynamical phase transitions between intermittent (or "jerky") and "laminar" plastic dynamic phases. Near these two dynamic critical points, the order parameter 1/\tau of the PLC effect exhibits large fluctuations, and "critical slowing down" (i.e., the number $\tau$ of bursts, or plastic instabilities, per unit time slows down considerably).Comment: the published 4-page version is in the PRL web sit

Ultra-light alloys and their utilization on aircraft

We will arbitrarily call alloys having a specific gravity of less than 2 "ultra-light", in order to distinguish them from "light" alloys with a specific gravity of 2 to 3. Thus far it has been possible to make ultra-light alloys only by employing a large proportion of magnesium

Etude du rôle des polykétides mycobactériens dans la biogénèse de l'enveloppe et la virulence des mycobactéries : caractérisation de l'étape de condensation des acides mycoliques

Certaines mycobactéries sont responsables à l'heure actuelle et depuis l'antiquité de pathologies infectieuses graves comme la tuberculose, résultante d'une infection par Mycobacterium tuberculosis. En dépit d'une médecine efficace liée à l'avènement des antibiotiques, cette infection bactérienne est à l'échelle mondiale, la première cause de mortalité due à un agent infectieux. Deux millions de décès seraient annuellement liés à cette pathologie selon les données de l'organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS, 2002). La tuberculose est un véritable fléau dans la majorité des pays en voie de développement où son endémie corrèle celle liée à l'épidémie du VIH, et le nombre de tuberculeux recensé en Europe comme dans d'autres pays développés reste non négligeable. La pathogénie du bacille tuberculeux laisse apparaître un équilibre quasi-parasitique avec un tiers de la population mondiale infectée. L'apparition de souches multi-résistantes aux chimiothérapies actuelles inquiète le milieu médical en réduisant le nombre de médicaments disponibles. Une stratégie de prise en charge mondiale par l'OMS a récemment été adoptée pour tenter d'endiguer l'épidémie de tuberculose. En parallèle, des efforts en recherche fondamentale et clinique sont entrepris afin de décortiquer la pathogénie du bacille tuberculeux pour mieux le combattre. Dans cet objectif, le séquençage récent de son génome a représenté une avancée majeure. Il dévoile notamment 250 gènes relatifs à la biosynthèse lipidique, soit cinq fois plus que chez E.coli, dont 24 coderaient des polykétides synthases (Pks). Ces enzymes sont sources de molécules complexes souvent biologiquement actives, dont la toxine de Mycobacterium ulcerans, la mycolactone, est particulièrement représentative chez les mycobactéries. Récemment, nombre de produits de polykétides synthases se sont révélés être des composantes de l'enveloppe de Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Cette enveloppe représente une arme remarquable pour le bacille tuberculeux tant par la barrière d'imperméabilité qu'elle constitue que par ses propriétés immunologiques vraisemblablement impliquées dans sa résistance à l'immunité de l'hôte. L'approche génétique abordée dans ce travail a permis d'évaluer la contribution des différents polykétides mycobactériens dans la virulence de M.bovis BCG et M.tuberculosis en modèle murin. De plus, nous avons pu caractériser la fonction d'un locus comprenant la polykétide synthase 13 ainsi qu'une acyl-AMP synthase et une acyl-coA carboxylase dans la dernière étape de la biosynthèse des acides mycoliques, lipides majeurs de l'enveloppe mycobactérienne et essentiels pour la survie des mycobactéries. Ainsi, les enzymes caractérisées dans ce travail constituent des cibles de choix pour le développement de nouveaux antituberculeux.Since the antiquity, mycobacteria have been involved in lethal pathology such as leprosy or tuberculosis, the latter caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the former by Mycobacterium leprae. Despite modern medicine including antibiotics, tuberculosis keep on being the first cause of mortality due to a single infectious agent with an average of two millions deaths per year, according to the world health organisation (WHO, 2002). Tuberculosis is a real plague in the majority of developping countries where its endemy correlates those of the HIV epidemy. Furthermore the number of tuberculosis patient number in Europe as well as in other developping countries is still not negligible. Moreover, the emergence of strains resistant to the currently used antibiotics is worrying the medical profession by reducing avalaible active molecules. Without the huge mortality associated with tuberculosis, this disease would be considered as a parasitic infection regarding the estimated number of infected but asymptomatic people (around 33% of the world population). Recently, the WHO has initiated a global approach to control the epidemy. In parallel, efforts in fondamental and clinical investigation are ongoing to understand tuberculosis pathogeny and to developp new clinical tools. Recently, the entire genome of M.tuberculosis was sequenced. It revealed 250 genes related to lipid biosynthesis, which represents a considerable involvment regarding the approximativly 50 genes found in E.coli genome. Remarkably 24 of this 250 genes encode polyketide synthase (Pks). In other bacteria, these enzymes are known to produce complex molecules with pharmaceutical interest. In mycobacteria, the mycolactone, is a potent toxin produced by Mycobacterium ulcerans. Recently, numerous polyketides has been shown to be components of the M.tuberculosis envelop. This envelop represents a powerfull weapon for the tuberculous bacillus constituting a permeability barrier and delivering immunological advantages. The genetic approach used in this work allowed us to evaluate the contribution of the various polyketides in the virulence of M.bovis BCG and M.tuberculosis in a mouse model. Furthermore, we caracterised the fonction of the locus including the polyketide synthase 13, an acyl-AMP synthase and an acyl-coA carboxylase in the last step of mycolic acid biosynthesis. Mycolic acids are major constituent of the mycobacterial cell envelop and are essential for mycobacterial viability, therefore the enzymes caracterised in the second part of this work constitutes promising targets for developping new antituberculous drugs