Hemocyte siRNA uptake is increased by 5' cholesterol-TEG addition in Biomphalaria glabrata, snail vector of schistosome.

Biomphalaria glabrata is one of the snail intermediate hosts of Schistosoma mansoni, the causative agent of intestinal schistosomiasis disease. Numerous molecular studies using comparative approaches between susceptible and resistant snails to S. mansoni infection have helped identify numerous snail key candidates supporting such susceptible/resistant status. The functional approach using RNA interference (RNAi) remains crucial to validate the function of such candidates. CRISPR-Cas systems are still under development in many laboratories, and RNA interference remains the best tool to study B. glabrata snail genetics. Herein, we describe the use of modified small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules to enhance cell delivery, especially into hemocytes, the snail immune cells. Modification of siRNA with 5' Cholesteryl TriEthylene Glycol (Chol-TEG) promotes cellular uptake by hemocytes, nearly eightfold over that of unmodified siRNA. FACS analysis reveals that more than 50% of hemocytes have internalized Chol-TEG siRNA conjugated to Cy3 fluorophores, 2 hours only after in vivo injection into snails. Chol-TEG siRNA targeting BgTEP1 (ThioEster-containing Protein), a parasite binding protein, reduced BgTEP1 transcript expression by 70-80% compared to control. The level of BgTEP1 protein secreted in the hemolymph was also decreased. However, despite the BgTEP1 knock-down at both RNA and protein levels, snail compatibility with its sympatric parasite is not affected suggesting functional redundancy among the BgTEP genes family in snail-schistosoma interaction

Experimental Infection of the Biomphalaria glabrata Vector Snail by Schistosoma mansoni Parasites Drives Snail Microbiota Dysbiosis.

Host-parasite interaction can result in a strong alteration of the host-associated microbiota. This dysbiosis can affect the fitness of the host; can modify pathogen interaction and the outcome of diseases. Biomphalaria glabrata is the snail intermediate host of the trematode Schistosoma mansoni, the agent of human schistosomiasis, causing hundreds of thousands of deaths every year. Here, we present the first study of the snail bacterial microbiota in response to Schistosoma infection. We examined the interplay between B. glabrata, S. mansoni and host microbiota. Snails were infected and the microbiota composition was analysed by 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing approach. We demonstrated that the microbial composition of water did not affect the microbiota composition. Then, we characterised the Biomphalaria bacterial microbiota at the individual scale in both naive and infected snails. Sympatric and allopatric strains of parasites were used for infections and re-infections to analyse the modification or dysbiosis of snail microbiota in different host-parasite co-evolutionary contexts. Concomitantly, using RNAseq, we investigated the link between bacterial microbiota dysbiosis and snail anti-microbial peptide immune response. This work paves the way for a better understanding of snail/schistosome interaction and should have critical consequences in terms of snail control strategies for fighting schistosomiasis disease in the field

Décryptage du Polymorphisme de Compatibilité dans l’interaction entre Biomphalaria glabrata et Schistosoma mansoni : une approche intégrative

Biomphalaria glabrata is tropical fresh water snail, living in Latin America. This planorbe is the intermediary host of Schistosoma mansoni, a trematode responsible for the intestinal Schistosomiasis, second worldwide human vector-borne disease after the malaria. In this context, a better comprehension of the parasite/snail interaction is necessary and appearsa promising research field. The understanding of immunological interaction between the host and the parasite and the molecular mechanisms used by the two partners appears like essential for the discovery of new targets and new strategies in order to develop means of struggle against the pathogen. The aim of this thesis is to better understand the immunological interactions between the B. glabrata snail and S. mansoni trematode. Different aspects of the interaction between the snail and the parasite have been explored, from molecular and cellular bases to the tripartite interaction between the snail immunity, its microbiota and the pathogen. In a first step we have been able to demonstrate a gradient of parasite infectivities and snail susceptibilities from different geographical origins. Moreover, the immunological interaction between B. glabrata and S. mansoni is supported by local adaptation, at the molecular level. We were also able to show than an opsonin, the BgTEP, plays a key role in the interaction between B. glabrata and its various pathogens. Finally, the existence of a true tripartite interaction between the snail immune response, its microbiota and its parasite could was demonstrated.Biomphalaria glabrata est un mollusque d’eau douce, vivant en Amérique latine. Ce planorbe est principalement connu pour être l’hôte intermédiaire de Schistosoma mansoni, vers plat parasite responsable de la bilharziose intestinale, seconde endémie parasitaire humaine mondiale derrière le paludisme.Dans ce contexte, il apparaît clairement qu’une meilleure compréhension de l’interaction entre le parasite et le mollusque, hôte intermédiaire, représente une voie de recherche prometteuse. La compréhension des interactions immunologiques entre l’escargot et le parasite ainsi que des mécanismes moléculaires par lesquels les deux partenaires interagissent apparaît comme un pré-requis à la découverte de nouvelles cibles ou de nouvelles stratégies afin de développer desmoyens de lutte contre le pathogène.Le projet de cette thèse s’inscrit dans cette optique et vise à une meilleure compréhension des interactions immunologiques entre le mollusque Biomphalaria glabrata et le trématode Schistosoma mansoni. Différents aspects de l’interaction entre B.glabrata et S.mansoni ont été explorés, des bases moléculaires et cellulaires à l’interaction tripartite entre l’immunité du mollusque, son microbiote et le pathogène. Dans un premier temps nous avons pu démontrer ungradient d’infectivité des parasites et de susceptibilité des mollusques de différents provenances géographiques. De plus, l’interaction immunologique entre le mollusque et le parasite est supportée par une adaptation locale, à l’échelle moléculaire. Nous avons également pu montrer qu’une opsonine, la BgTEP, jouait un rôle clé dans l’interaction entre B.glabrata et ses différents pathogènes. Enfin, l’existence d’une véritable interaction tripartite entre la réponse immunitaire du mollusque, son microbiote et son parasite a pu être mise en évidence

Compatibility of Polymorphism Decryption in Biomphalaria glabrata and Schistosoma mansoni interaction : an integrative approach

Biomphalaria glabrata est un mollusque d’eau douce, vivant en Amérique latine. Ce planorbe est principalement connu pour être l’hôte intermédiaire de Schistosoma mansoni, vers plat parasite responsable de la bilharziose intestinale, seconde endémie parasitaire humaine mondiale derrière le paludisme.Dans ce contexte, il apparaît clairement qu’une meilleure compréhension de l’interaction entre le parasite et le mollusque, hôte intermédiaire, représente une voie de recherche prometteuse. La compréhension des interactions immunologiques entre l’escargot et le parasite ainsi que des mécanismes moléculaires par lesquels les deux partenaires interagissent apparaît comme un pré-requis à la découverte de nouvelles cibles ou de nouvelles stratégies afin de développer desmoyens de lutte contre le pathogène.Le projet de cette thèse s’inscrit dans cette optique et vise à une meilleure compréhension des interactions immunologiques entre le mollusque Biomphalaria glabrata et le trématode Schistosoma mansoni. Différents aspects de l’interaction entre B.glabrata et S.mansoni ont été explorés, des bases moléculaires et cellulaires à l’interaction tripartite entre l’immunité du mollusque, son microbiote et le pathogène. Dans un premier temps nous avons pu démontrer ungradient d’infectivité des parasites et de susceptibilité des mollusques de différents provenances géographiques. De plus, l’interaction immunologique entre le mollusque et le parasite est supportée par une adaptation locale, à l’échelle moléculaire. Nous avons également pu montrer qu’une opsonine, la BgTEP, jouait un rôle clé dans l’interaction entre B.glabrata et ses différents pathogènes. Enfin, l’existence d’une véritable interaction tripartite entre la réponse immunitaire du mollusque, son microbiote et son parasite a pu être mise en évidence.Biomphalaria glabrata is tropical fresh water snail, living in Latin America. This planorbe is the intermediary host of Schistosoma mansoni, a trematode responsible for the intestinal Schistosomiasis, second worldwide human vector-borne disease after the malaria. In this context, a better comprehension of the parasite/snail interaction is necessary and appearsa promising research field. The understanding of immunological interaction between the host and the parasite and the molecular mechanisms used by the two partners appears like essential for the discovery of new targets and new strategies in order to develop means of struggle against the pathogen. The aim of this thesis is to better understand the immunological interactions between the B. glabrata snail and S. mansoni trematode. Different aspects of the interaction between the snail and the parasite have been explored, from molecular and cellular bases to the tripartite interaction between the snail immunity, its microbiota and the pathogen. In a first step we have been able to demonstrate a gradient of parasite infectivities and snail susceptibilities from different geographical origins. Moreover, the immunological interaction between B. glabrata and S. mansoni is supported by local adaptation, at the molecular level. We were also able to show than an opsonin, the BgTEP, plays a key role in the interaction between B. glabrata and its various pathogens. Finally, the existence of a true tripartite interaction between the snail immune response, its microbiota and its parasite could was demonstrated

Covariation between microeukaryotes and bacteria associated with Planorbidae snails

International audienceBackground: Microbial communities associated with macroorganisms might affect host physiology and homeostasis. Bacteria are well studied in this context, but the diversity of microeukaryotes, as well as covariations with bacterial communities, remains almost unknown.Methods: To study microeukaryotic communities associated with Planorbidae snails, we developed a blocking primer to reduce amplification of host DNA during metabarcoding analyses. Analyses of alpha and beta diversities were computed to describe microeukaryotes and bacteria using metabarcoding of 18S and 16S rRNA genes, respectively.Results: Only three phyla (Amoebozoa, Opisthokonta and Alveolata) were dominant for microeukaryotes. Bacteria were more diverse with five dominant phyla (Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Tenericutes, Planctomycetes and Actinobacteria). The composition of microeukaryotes and bacteria were correlated for the Biomphalaria glabrata species, but not for Planorbarius metidjensis. Network analysis highlighted clusters of covarying taxa. Among them, several links might reflect top-down control of bacterial populations by microeukaryotes, but also possible competition between microeukaryotes having opposite distributions (Lobosa and Ichthyosporea). The role of these taxa remains unknown, but we believe that the blocking primer developed herein offers new possibilities to study the hidden diversity of microeukaryotes within snail microbiota, and to shed light on their underestimated interactions with bacteria and hosts

First characterization of viruses from freshwater snails of the genus Biomphalaria, the intermediate host of the parasite Schistosoma mansoni

International audienceWe report the genome sequence and organization of five viruses infecting snails of both Biomphalaria glabrata and Biomphalaria pfeifferi, which are vectors of the intestinal schistosomiasis. Four viruses presented a polyadenylated positive single strand RNA genome encoding one or two large open reading frames (ORFs) flanked by untranslated region. Conserved protein motifs typical of the picorna-like virus superfamily were identified in these viruses but they all presented different genome organization. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed their assignment to this superfamily. The partially characterized fifth virus presented sequence similarity for Totiviridae, a family of non-polyadenylated double-strand RNA viruses. Virus distribution and relative abundance between the five strains of Biomphalaria originating from different geographical areas was determined. Our results provide valuable information of new viruses from Biomphalaria and pave the way for future studies dedicated to their impact on snail fitness and Biomphalaria/Schistosoma interactions

Infection of the Biomphalaria glabrata vector snail by Schistosoma mansoni parasites drives snail microbiota dysbiosis

Host-associated microbiota cari affect the fitness of its host in a number of ways, including the modification of host-parasite interactions and thus the outcome of disease. Biomphalaria glabrata is the vector snail of the trematode Schistosoma mansoni, the agent of human schistosomiasis, causing hundreds of thousands of deaths every year. Here, we present the first study of the snail bacterial microbiota in response to Schistosoma infection. To examine the interplay between B. glabrata, S. mansoni and snail microbiota, snails were infected and the microbiota composition was analysed by massive 16S rDNA amplicon sequencing approach. We characterized the Biomphalaria bacterial microbiota at the individual level in both naive and infected snails. Sympatric and allopatric strains of parasites were used for infections and re­infections to analyse the modification or dysbiosis of snail microbiota in different host-parasite co-evolutionary contexts. Concomitantly, using RNAseq data, we investigated the link between bacterial microbiota dysbiosis and snail anti-microbial peptide immune response. This work paves the way for a better understanding of snail/schistosome interaction, and would have critical consequences in terms of snail control strategies for fighting schistosomiasis disease in the field

BgTEP: an antiprotease involved in innate immune sensing in Biomphalaria glabrata

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Integrated multi-omic analyses in Biomphalaria-Schistosoma dialogue reveal the immunobiological significance of FREP- Sm PoMuc interaction

International audienceThe fresh water snail Biomphalaria glabrata is one of the vectors of the trematode pathogen Schistosoma mansoni, which is one of the agents responsible of human schistosomiasis. In this hosteparasite interaction, co-evolutionary dynamic results into an infectivity mosaic known as compatibility polymorphism. Integrative approaches including large scale molecular approaches have been conducted in recent years to improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying compatibility. This review presents the combination of integrated Multi-Omic approaches leading to the discovery of two repertoires of polymorphic and/or diversified interacting molecules: the parasite antigens S. mansoni polymorphic mucins (SmPoMucs) and the B. glabrata immune receptors fibrinogen-related proteins (FREPs). We argue that their interactions may be major components for defining the compatible/ incompatible status of a specific snail/schistosome combinatio

Single cell RNA sequencing reveals hemocyte heterogeneity in Biomphalaria glabrata: Plasticity over diversity.

Peer reviewed: TrueThe freshwater snail Biomphalaria glabrata is an intermediate host of Schistosoma mansoni, the agent of human intestinal schistosomiasis. However, much is to be discovered about its innate immune system that appears as a complex black box, in which the immune cells (called hemocytes) play a major role in both cellular and humoral response towards pathogens. Until now, hemocyte classification has been based exclusively on cell morphology and ultrastructural description and depending on the authors considered from 2 to 5 hemocyte populations have been described. In this study, we proposed to evaluate the hemocyte heterogeneity at the transcriptomic level. To accomplish this objective, we used single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) technology coupled to a droplet-based system to separate hemocytes and analyze their transcriptome at a unique cell level in naive Biomphalaria glabrata snails. We were able to demonstrate the presence of 7 hemocyte transcriptomic populations defined by the expression of specific marker genes. As a result, scRNAseq approach showed a high heterogeneity within hemocytes, but provides a detailed description of the different hemocyte transcriptomic populations in B. glabrata supported by distinct cellular functions and lineage trajectory. As a main result, scRNAseq revealed the 3 main population as a super-group of hemocyte diversity but, on the contrary, a great hemocytes plasticity with a probable capacity of hemocytes to engage to different activation pathways. This work opens a new field of research to understand the role of hemocytes particularly in response to pathogens, and towards S. mansoni parasites