Indicadores de qualidade do solo em área de mata e cultivado com cana orgânica e convencional .

Em muitos casos, a substituição da vegetação nativa por sistemas agrícolas altera inúmeras características do solo. Este estudo propôs avaliar a qualidade do solo em áreas de uma propriedade que produz cana-de-açúcar sob manejo orgânico e convencional e correlacioná-las a uma área de mata nativa. Para isso, utilizou-se indicadores físicos, químicos e bioquímicos do solo, avaliados através de análise de componentes principais. Mesmo tendo observado diferenças nos atributos avaliados no solo de mata e sistemas agrícolas, estes se mostraram eficientes no uso e conservação do solo

Nitrogen transactions along the digestive tract of lambs concurrently infected with Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Ostertagia circumcincta

Twelve lambs, paired on the basis of live weight, were cannulated in the abomasum, in the proximal jejunum approximately 4 m distal to the pylorus and in the terminal ileum. Six were infected with 3000 Trichostrongylus colubriformis and 3000 Ostertagia circumcincta larvae each day for 18 weeks and the remainder were pair-fed to individual infected lambs. All animals were offered ryegrass (Lolium perenne)–white clover (Trifolium repens) pasture, cut daily. Dry matter (DM) intake, live weight, faecal egg concentration, plasma pepsinogen and plasma protein concentrations were measured weekly. During weeks 7 and 17 after commencement of infection, the flow of digesta along the gastrointestinal tract was measured together with enteric plasma loss and true digestion and absorption of ¹²⁵I-labelled albumin in the small intestine. DM intake was depressed by parasitism, being 1331, (se 70), 423 (se 32) and 529 (se 52) g/d during weeks 3, 7 and 17 respectively. The flow of nitrogen at the proximal jejunum and in faeces was increased by parasitism during week 7 and at the abomasum and ileum during week 17. Plasma protein-N loss (g/d) into the gastrointestinal tract was 0.68 (se 0.091) and 1.97 (se 0.139) during week 7, and 0.85 (se0.158) and 1.96 (se 0.396) during week 17, in control and infected sheep respectively. True digestion and absorption of albumin in the proximal small intestine, the site of infection, was very low (mean 0.08) and was not affected by parasitism. Between the abomasum and terminal ileum absorption of albumin was high (mean 0.87) and again was not affected by parasitism. It was calculated that of the total increase in endogenous protein passing from the ileum tract as a result of infection, plasma protein comprised only a small percentage (10–36%). The major proportion of digestion and absorption of protein occurred in the distal small intestine beyond the site of infection and was not affected by infection

Strategies to improve local beef cattle industry supply chains during the pandemic of Covid-19

Covid-19 has highlighted the importance of the local fresh-food supply chains especially with respect to food that cannot be stored or where access to overseas sources is closed. Meat is one fresh-food commodity greatly affected. Beef production is one of the most effective commodities for alleviating poverty for smallholders and if they can more directly participate in the supply chain, they can reap good financial rewards. Farmers usually formulate cattle feed rations on cheapest cost inputs, rather than on a least cost basis which still meets metabolisable energy (ME), crude protein (CP) and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) requirements. The ACIAR project, Profitable feeding strategies for smallholder cattle in Indonesia, has investigated rations that promote high live weight gain and low feed conversion (FCE, kg feed/kg gain) and determined that high ME rations are required at high intakes if low FCE and high income over food costs (IOFC) are to be achieved. The prices and availability of ration ingredients vary markedly across Indonesia and so a flexible system of ration formulation is required to take advantage of local price fluctuations. A Least Cost Ration (LCR) formulator and a least cost App (Beefupp) have been developed which can be used by entrepreneurial farmers, co-operatives and small commercial feed companies to formulate and alter rations quickly as circumstances change. The application of these principles has led to two-fold increases in IOFC for farmers. Government support for farmer led initiatives in the grinding, formulating, mixing and/or pelleting will support effective local co-operatives, farmer groups or small commercial feed companies

Strategies to increase growth of weaned Bali calves

Demand for beef in Indonesia is increasing by 4% per annum, which is unable to be met from domestic supply alone under prevailing cattle management systems. Small-holder farmers within the crop-livestock system of eastern Indonesia have the opportunity to capitalise on this increased demand for beef. An Integrated Village Management System (IVMS) established in Nusa Tenggara Barat successfully increased reproductive output by introducing natural mating, early weaning and more appropriate allocation of available feed resources to match nutrient demands of cattle. It is anticipated that wide scale implementation of the IVMS will result in a large population of early weaned calves across eastern Indonesia and that if these calves are retained by small-holder farmers, and growth rates improved, significant increases in cash flow will ensue. The objective of this project was to evaluate a range of feeding strategies to increase growth rates of 6 month old weaned Bali calves at four sites across eastern Indonesia

Energy and protein supplementation can improve liveweight gain of steers grazing good quality tropical pasture in the wet season

This experiment aimed at maximising wet season liveweight gain (LWG) of cattle grazing good quality tropical pasture. Twenty-five Brahman crossbred steers (203 ± 4.2 kg) were allocated into 5 treatments, namely control (Con; grazing only), grazing + molasses/urea mixture (MU) at 0.5% liveweight (LW) (5MU) or 1% W (10MU), and grazing + mixture of molasses/urea (55%), fish meal (25%) and whole cottonseed (WCS; 20%) at 0.5% W (5MWF) or 1% W (10MWF). Steers grazed fertilized pangola grass pasture (Digitaria eriantha cv. Steudal) for 84 days. Pasture DM availability was maintained at > 1.5 t/ha. The Mean green leaf yield was 1.9 t DM/ha, in vitro DM digestibility was 64%, and crude protein content was 15%. The LWG of Con steers was 960 g/d. Providing MU did not increase LWG, but inclusion of fishmeal and whole cottonseed markedly improved LWG above control by 34% and 39% for 5MWF and 10MWF, respectively. Levels of supplement had no affected on LWG. It is concluded that supplementing rumen fermentable energy and protein alone did not increase LWG of steers grazing good quality tropical grass pasture, but the inclusion of rumen bypass protein and energy in supplement significantly increased LWG, as a result of the higher bypass protein and energy intake

Polarization observations in a low synchrotron emission field at 1.4 GHz

We present the first observation of the diffuse polarized synchrotron radiation of a patch ($\sim 3^\circ \times 3^\circ$) in the BOOMERanG field, one of the areas with the lowest CMB foreground emission. The work has been carried out with the Australia Telescope Compact Array at 1.4 GHz with 3.4 arcmin resolution and sensitivity of $\sim 0.18$ mJy beam$^{-1}$. The mean polarized signal has been found to be $P_{rms} = \sqrt{(Q_{rms}^2 + U_{rms}^2)} = 11.6 \pm 0.6$ mK, nearly one order of magnitude below than in the Galactic Plane. Extrapolations to frequencies of interest for cosmological investigations suggest that polarized synchrotron foreground noise should allow the detection of the CMB Polarization $E$--mode already at 32 GHz and make us confident that, at 90 GHz, it is accessible with no relevant foreground contamination. Last but not least, even the $B$--mode detection for $T/S > 0.01$ is not ruled out in such a low emission patch.Comment: Uses emulateapj.sty, onecolfloat.sty, 5 pages 4 fig., accepted for publication in ApJ

PENGARUH KUALITAS PELAYANAN DISTRIBUSI AIR TERHADAP TINGKAT KELUHAN PELANGGAN PDAM TIRTA PAKUAN KOTA BOGOR TAHUN 2015 DAN TAHUN 2016

This study aims to identify the quality of service provided by the company, to identify the complaints handling done by the company and to analyze the effect of the service quality of the company on the complaints experienced by the customers of PDAM Tirta Pakuan Bogor City. The method used in this research is quantitative by means of survey research. This research was conducted at PDAM Tirta Pakuan Bogor City, precisely at No. Siliwangi Street. 121 Bogor 16142, West Java. The sampling technique used in this research is nonprobability sampling technique by purposive sampling. Determination of the number of samples by Gay and Diehl (1992) and Kerlinger and Lee (2000). Validity and reliability test was submitted to 30 respondents with Product Moment formula from Pearson and Alpha Cronbach. Quantitative data are presented in the form of frequency tables. The statistical test was performed with SPSS program version 20 with Rank Spearman's correlation test and statistical test of multiple regression analysis. Based on the results of research shows that the service quality of Tirta Pakuan PDAM Kota Bogor is good. This is seen from the results of the distribution of research data showing the attitude of some respondents agree with the services provided by looking at customer complaints data that can be overcome by the company. The results of multiple regression analysis showed that the overall of each of the indicator variables give effect of 19.6% to the level of complaints experienced by customers with the value of r count more than 0.361 with a confidence level of 5% and the value of cronbach alpha greater than 0, 60

A radio-polarisation and rotation measure study of the Gum Nebula and its environment

The Gum Nebula is 36 degree wide shell-like emission nebula at a distance of only 450 pc. It has been hypothesised to be an old supernova remnant, fossil HII region, wind-blown bubble, or combination of multiple objects. Here we investigate the magneto-ionic properties of the nebula using data from recent surveys: radio-continuum data from the NRAO VLA and S-band Parkes All Sky Surveys, and H-alpha data from the Southern H-Alpha Sky Survey Atlas. We model the upper part of the nebula as a spherical shell of ionised gas expanding into the ambient medium. We perform a maximum-likelihood Markov chain Monte-Carlo fit to the NVSS rotation measure data, using the H-halpha data to constrain average electron density in the shell $n_e$. Assuming a latitudinal background gradient in RM we find $n_e=1.3^{+0.4}_{-0.4} {\rm cm}^{-3}$, angular radius $\phi_{\rm outer}=22.7^{+0.1}_{-0.1} {\rm deg}$, shell thickness $dr=18.5^{+1.5}_{-1.4} {\rm pc}$, ambient magnetic field strength $B_0=3.9^{+4.9}_{-2.2} \mu{\rm G}$ and warm gas filling factor $f=0.3^{+0.3}_{-0.1}$. We constrain the local, small-scale (~260 pc) pitch-angle of the ordered Galactic magnetic field to $+7^{\circ}\lesssim\wp\lesssim+44^{\circ}$, which represents a significant deviation from the median field orientation on kiloparsec scales (~-7.2$^{\circ}$). The moderate compression factor X=6.0\,^{+5.1}_{-2.5} at the edge of the H-alpha shell implies that the 'old supernova remnant' origin is unlikely. Our results support a model of the nebula as a HII region around a wind-blown bubble. Analysis of depolarisation in 2.3 GHz S-PASS data is consistent with this hypothesis and our best-fitting values agree well with previous studies of interstellar bubbles.Comment: 33 pages, 16 figures. Accepted by The Astrophysical Journa